front 1 Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron? Question options: They lack carriers. They are extremely complex molecules. They are too large to pass through the fenestrations. They are not lipid soluble. | back 1 They are extremely complex molecules. |
front 2 What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? Question options: Net filtration would increase above normal. Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change. Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. Net filtration would decrease. | back 2 Net filtration would decrease. |
front 3 Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? Question options: Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. | back 3 Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy. |
front 4 The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________. Question options: contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla is freely permeable to sodium and urea pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule is not permeable to water | back 4 contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla |
front 5 Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion? Question options: disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs ridding the body of excessive potassium ions eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes ridding the body of bicarbonate ions | back 5 ridding the body of bicarbonate ions |
front 6 Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? Question options: juxtaglomerular cells podocytes macula densa cells mesangial cells | back 6 macula densa cells |
front 7 Which statement is correct? Question options: Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood. | back 7 Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. |
front 8 The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. Question options: glomerular filtration membrane loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct | back 8 loop of Henle |
front 9 An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. Question options: 1.000-1.015 1.001-1.035 1.041-1.073 1.030-1.040 | back 9 1.001-1.035 |
front 10 Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? Question options: by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions by secreting sodium ions by producing new bicarbonate ions | back 10 by secreting sodium ions |
front 11 The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. Question options: stratified squamous pseudostratified columnar simple squamous transitional | back 11 transitional |
front 12 The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. Question options: interlobar lobar cortical radiate arcuate | back 12 arcuate |
front 13 Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle? Question options: form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by osmosis form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine none of these | back 13 form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine |
front 14 If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. Question options: appear in the urine be reabsorbed by secondary active transport be actively secreted into the filtrate be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells | back 14 appear in the urine |
front 15 The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. Question options: the thickness of the capillary endothelium the design and size of the podocytes glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries | back 15 glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) |
front 16 In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________. Question options: thin segment is freely permeable to water thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption thick segment is permeable to water | back 16 thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption |
front 17 The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. Question options: glomerular capsule basement membrane of the capillaries loop of Henle nephron | back 17 nephron |
front 18 Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? Question options: loop of Henle principal cell macula densa vasa recta | back 18 macula densa |
front 19 If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? Question options: Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules. The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult. The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. | back 19 Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. |
front 20 Which gland sits atop each kidney? Question options: thymus pancreas adrenal pituitary | back 20 adrenal |
front 21 The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. Question options: has a basement membrane is impermeable to most substances has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems is drained by an efferent arteriole | back 21 is drained by an efferent arteriole |
front 22 Select the correct statement about urinary system development. Question options: The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation. Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys. The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. | back 22 Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. |
front 23 Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? Question options: the stretching of the bladder wall the pressure of the fluid in the bladder the sympathetic efferents motor neurons | back 23 the stretching of the bladder wall |
front 24 A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. Question options: coma diabetes mellitus diabetes insipidus diabetic acidosis | back 24 diabetes insipidus |
front 25 Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. Question options: relative permeability of the distal tubule to water impermeability of the collecting tubule to water the presence of ADH transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle | back 25 impermeability of the collecting tubule to water |
front 26 The macula densa cells respond to ________. Question options: aldosterone changes in pressure in the tubule antidiuretic hormone changes in solute content of the filtrate | back 26 changes in solute content of the filtrate |
front 27 Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? Question options: angiotensin II and ADH angiotensin I and epinephrine angiotensin II and aldosterone angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide | back 27 angiotensin II and aldosterone |
front 28 Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________. Question options: there are no functional nephrons until after birth there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood fetuses do not have any waste to excrete | back 28 the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood |
front 29 The filtration membrane includes all except ________. Question options: podocytes basement membrane glomerular endothelium renal fascia | back 29 renal fascia |
front 30 The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. Question options: myogenic mechanism glomerular hydrostatic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure colloid osmotic pressure of the blood | back 30 glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
front 31 Select the correct statement about the ureters. Question options: The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. | back 31 The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. |
front 32 Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? Question options: an efferent arteriole a fenestrated capillary a vasa recta a podocyte | back 32 a vasa recta |
front 33 Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. Question options: not Tm limited hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments in the distal convoluted tubule completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached | back 33 hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments |
front 34 The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. Question options: produces vitamin D is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently | back 34 stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position |
front 35 Tubular reabsorption ________. Question options: by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood includes substances such as creatinine is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste | back 35 by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient |
front 36 The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. Question options: Bowman's capsule and glomerulus the renal papilla the descending loop of Henle the renal pyramid | back 36 Bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
front 37 The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. Question options: active transport solvent drag cotransport with sodium ions osmosis | back 37 osmosis |
front 38 Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? Question options: maintains blood osmolarity eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones | back 38 eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat |
front 39 Select the correct statement about the nephrons. Question options: Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name. The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. | back 39 The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. |
front 40 Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Question options: podocyte cells granular cells macula densa mesangial cells | back 40 podocyte cells |
front 41 The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. Question options: plasma protein electrolytes hormones glucose | back 41 plasma protein |
front 42 Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? Question options: They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently. They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). They are made up of several layers of endothelium. They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum. | back 42 They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). |
front 43 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. Question options: when the peritubular capillaries are dilated by a decrease in the blood pressure when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 when the pH of the urine decreases | back 43 by a decrease in the blood pressure |
front 44 Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. Question options: is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells increases the rate of glomerular filtration inhibits the release of ADH increases secretion of ADH | back 44 inhibits the release of ADH |
front 45 Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? Question options: aldosterone ADH atrial natriuretic peptide thyroxine | back 45 ADH |
front 46 Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. Question options: secondary active transport countertransport facilitated diffusion passive transport | back 46 secondary active transport |
front 47 The function of angiotensin II is to ________. Question options: constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure decrease arterial blood pressure decrease the production of aldosterone decrease water absorption | back 47 constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure |
front 48 Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop
of urine to its elimination from the body. Question options: 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 | back 48 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 |
front 49 Urine passes through the ________. Question options: glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra hilum to urethra to bladder | back 49 pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra |
front 50 An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. Question options: decrease in the production of ADH decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma increase in the production of ADH increase in the production of aldosterone | back 50 increase in the production of ADH |
front 51 Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? Question options: Na+ K+ creatinine glucose | back 51 creatinine |
front 52 Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? Question options: renal autoregulation electrolyte levels hormonal regulation neural regulation | back 52 electrolyte levels |
front 53 Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? Question options: The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems but at different times. The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time. The male urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen. | back 53 The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time. |
front 54 What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Question options: help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys | back 54 help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys |
front 55 The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________. Question options: the secretion of acids and ammonia reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure the secretion of drugs | back 55 regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure |