front 1 body water contains _____ that _____ in a solution yielding _____ and ____ | back 1 dissolved mineral salts aka electrolytes dissaciate cations anions |
front 2 body fluids are | back 2 electrically neutral sum of anions and cations are balanced |
front 3 disturbances in body water are associated with what? | back 3 a corresponding change in electrolytes |
front 4 if electrolyte concentration changes then ? | back 4 there is a corresponding change in body water |
front 5 body consists of ___% water | back 5 60 |
front 6 rule of thirds | back 6 2/3 of body weight is water 2/3 of water is in cells 1/3 of water is in extracllular tissue surrounding cells |
front 7 chief intracellular ions | back 7 K+ PO4 |
front 8 chief extracellular ions | back 8 Na+ Cl- |
front 9 differences in concentration are a result of what? | back 9 metabolic activity of cell |
front 10 amount of ___ in body determines the volume of extracellular fluid | back 10 sodium water follows salt |
front 11 ultimate regulation of body fluid and electrolyte concentration comes down to what organ? | back 11 kidneys specifically aldosterone and ADH |
front 12 what does aldosterone regulate? | back 12 Na and K |
front 13 what does ADH regulate | back 13 water |
front 14 dehydration | back 14 deficiency of body water |
front 15 cause of dehydration | back 15 insufficient water intake excessive water loss |
front 16 severity of dehydration categorization | back 16 mild-2% loss moderate-5% loss severe-8% loss |
front 17 symptoms of dehydration | back 17 headache loss of tissue elasticity increase in thirst-this is slow however |
front 18 who is at greatest risk of dehydration | back 18 elderly-less water to begin with babies and children-higher turn over of water |
front 19 overhydration | back 19 less common water intoxification |
front 20 overhydration leads to what? | back 20 hyponatremia-ie cell swelling especially of neurons |
front 21 symptoms of overhydration | back 21 nausea and vomitting headache disorientation and confusion seizures death |
front 22 pH of extracellular fluid | back 22 7.4 |
front 23 pH of blood | back 23 7,35-7.45 differences outside of this range can lead to death |
front 24 blood pH below 7.35 is considered | back 24 acidosis |
front 25 blood Ph above 7.45 is considered | back 25 alkalosis |
front 26 intracellular buffering system | back 26 H+ + HPO4 <-> H2PO4- binds hydrogen to keep hydrogen ion out of cell stops blood from becoming too acidic |
front 27 blood buffers | back 27 plasma-carbonic acid-bicarbonate pair protein buffer-proteins have negative charge so can serve as buffer to H+ ions |
front 28 renal buffering | back 28 ultimate corrector seretion of H+ in urine = decrease in acidity reabsorption of HCO4- decrease in basic |
front 29 lung buffering | back 29 ventilation of carbon dioxide CO2 +H20 <-> H2CO2 <-> H+ +HCO3- |
front 30 4 categories of acid base imbalance | back 30 respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis |
front 31 respiratory acidosis | back 31 elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression corrected by kidneys |
front 32 respiratory alkalosis | back 32 depression of pCO2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation corrected by kidneys |
front 33 metabolic acidosis | back 33 depression of HCO3- or an increase in noncarbonic acids lungs will correct |
front 34 metabolic alkalosis | back 34 elevation of HCO3- usually caused by excessive loss of metabolic acids lungs will correct |
front 35 principal effect of acidosis | back 35 depression of the CNS through a decrease in synaptic transmission show a generalized weakness deranged CNS function is the greatest threat |
front 36 severe acidosis can cause what? | back 36 disorientation coma death |
front 37 hypercapnia | back 37 high levels of CO2 in blood |
front 38 cause of hypercapnia | back 38 depression of respiratory center in brain that controls breathing rate-ie drugs or head trauma paralysis of respiratory or chest muscles emphysema more H+ ions in body = more CO2 in body |
front 39 hypoventilation keeps ___ in the body | back 39 CO2 |
front 40 how is respiratory acidosis corrected? | back 40 kidneys eliminate hydrogen ions in urine and retain bicarbonate ion |
front 41 causes of metabolic acidosis | back 41 renal failure= los of bicarbonate accumulation of acids ie lactic acids or ketones-ie type 1 diabetic |
front 42 how is metabolic acidosis corrected? | back 42 increased ventilation renal excretion of hydrogen ions if possible |
front 43 hyperventilation removes ____ which does what to H+ production? | back 43 CO2, eliminates |
front 44 symptoms of alkalosis | back 44 causes over excitability of central and peripheral nervous systems numbness lightheaddness |
front 45 alkalosis can cause | back 45 nervousness muscle spasms or tetany convulsions loss of consciousness death |
front 46 respiratory alkalosis | back 46 hypocapnia=too little H+ ions primary cause is hyperventilation hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be exhaled which leads to a loss of H+ ions |
front 47 how is respiratory alkalosis corrected? | back 47 kidneys reabsorb H+ ions and excrete bicarbonate ions |
front 48 metabolic alkalosis | back 48 increase in plasma bicarbonate relative to concentration of carbonic acid |
front 49 causes of metabolic alkalsis | back 49 excessive vomitting=lose stomach acid excessive use of alkaline drugs certain diuretics endocrine disorders heavy ingestion of antacids |
front 50 how is metabolic alkalosis corrected | back 50 hard to correct kidneys probably arent functioning properly lungs will hypoventilate but can only breath so little before hypoxia |
front 51 rates of correction | back 51 buffers-first and fastest-instantaneously respiratory-take minutes to hours metabolic-take several hours or days |
front 52 clinical evaluation of acid base balance | back 52 blood test to determine concentration of bicarbonate in plasma as index of patients overall status can also test: blood ph PCO2 bicarbonate levels |