Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

52 notecards = 13 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Disease Ch 24

front 1

body water contains _____ that _____ in a solution yielding _____ and ____

back 1

dissolved mineral salts aka electrolytes

dissaciate

cations

anions

front 2

body fluids are

back 2

electrically neutral

sum of anions and cations are balanced

front 3

disturbances in body water are associated with what?

back 3

a corresponding change in electrolytes

front 4

if electrolyte concentration changes then ?

back 4

there is a corresponding change in body water

front 5

body consists of ___% water

back 5

60

front 6

rule of thirds

back 6

2/3 of body weight is water

2/3 of water is in cells

1/3 of water is in extracllular tissue surrounding cells

front 7

chief intracellular ions

back 7

K+

PO4

front 8

chief extracellular ions

back 8

Na+

Cl-

front 9

differences in concentration are a result of what?

back 9

metabolic activity of cell

front 10

amount of ___ in body determines the volume of extracellular fluid

back 10

sodium

water follows salt

front 11

ultimate regulation of body fluid and electrolyte concentration comes down to what organ?

back 11

kidneys

specifically aldosterone and ADH

front 12

what does aldosterone regulate?

back 12

Na and K

front 13

what does ADH regulate

back 13

water

front 14

dehydration

back 14

deficiency of body water

front 15

cause of dehydration

back 15

insufficient water intake

excessive water loss

front 16

severity of dehydration categorization

back 16

mild-2% loss

moderate-5% loss

severe-8% loss

front 17

symptoms of dehydration

back 17

headache

loss of tissue elasticity

increase in thirst-this is slow however

front 18

who is at greatest risk of dehydration

back 18

elderly-less water to begin with

babies and children-higher turn over of water

front 19

overhydration

back 19

less common

water intoxification

front 20

overhydration leads to what?

back 20

hyponatremia-ie cell swelling especially of neurons

front 21

symptoms of overhydration

back 21

nausea and vomitting

headache

disorientation and confusion

seizures

death

front 22

pH of extracellular fluid

back 22

7.4

front 23

pH of blood

back 23

7,35-7.45

differences outside of this range can lead to death

front 24

blood pH below 7.35 is considered

back 24

acidosis

front 25

blood Ph above 7.45 is considered

back 25

alkalosis

front 26

intracellular buffering system

back 26

H+ + HPO4 <-> H2PO4-

binds hydrogen to keep hydrogen ion out of cell

stops blood from becoming too acidic

front 27

blood buffers

back 27

plasma-carbonic acid-bicarbonate pair

protein buffer-proteins have negative charge so can serve as buffer to H+ ions

front 28

renal buffering

back 28

ultimate corrector

seretion of H+ in urine = decrease in acidity

reabsorption of HCO4- decrease in basic

front 29

lung buffering

back 29

ventilation of carbon dioxide

CO2 +H20 <-> H2CO2 <-> H+ +HCO3-

front 30

4 categories of acid base imbalance

back 30

respiratory acidosis

respiratory alkalosis

metabolic acidosis

metabolic alkalosis

front 31

respiratory acidosis

back 31

elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

corrected by kidneys

front 32

respiratory alkalosis

back 32

depression of pCO2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation

corrected by kidneys

front 33

metabolic acidosis

back 33

depression of HCO3- or an increase in noncarbonic acids

lungs will correct

front 34

metabolic alkalosis

back 34

elevation of HCO3- usually caused by excessive loss of metabolic acids

lungs will correct

front 35

principal effect of acidosis

back 35

depression of the CNS through a decrease in synaptic transmission

show a generalized weakness

deranged CNS function is the greatest threat

front 36

severe acidosis can cause what?

back 36

disorientation

coma

death

front 37

hypercapnia

back 37

high levels of CO2 in blood

front 38

cause of hypercapnia

back 38

depression of respiratory center in brain that controls breathing rate-ie drugs or head trauma

paralysis of respiratory or chest muscles

emphysema

more H+ ions in body = more CO2 in body

front 39

hypoventilation keeps ___ in the body

back 39

CO2

front 40

how is respiratory acidosis corrected?

back 40

kidneys eliminate hydrogen ions in urine and retain bicarbonate ion

front 41

causes of metabolic acidosis

back 41

renal failure= los of bicarbonate

accumulation of acids ie lactic acids or ketones-ie type 1 diabetic

front 42

how is metabolic acidosis corrected?

back 42

increased ventilation

renal excretion of hydrogen ions if possible

front 43

hyperventilation removes ____ which does what to H+ production?

back 43

CO2, eliminates

front 44

symptoms of alkalosis

back 44

causes over excitability of central and peripheral nervous systems

numbness

lightheaddness

front 45

alkalosis can cause

back 45

nervousness

muscle spasms or tetany

convulsions

loss of consciousness

death

front 46

respiratory alkalosis

back 46

hypocapnia=too little H+ ions

primary cause is hyperventilation

hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be exhaled which leads to a loss of H+ ions

front 47

how is respiratory alkalosis corrected?

back 47

kidneys reabsorb H+ ions and excrete bicarbonate ions

front 48

metabolic alkalosis

back 48

increase in plasma bicarbonate relative to concentration of carbonic acid

front 49

causes of metabolic alkalsis

back 49

excessive vomitting=lose stomach acid

excessive use of alkaline drugs

certain diuretics

endocrine disorders

heavy ingestion of antacids

front 50

how is metabolic alkalosis corrected

back 50

hard to correct

kidneys probably arent functioning properly

lungs will hypoventilate but can only breath so little before hypoxia

front 51

rates of correction

back 51

buffers-first and fastest-instantaneously

respiratory-take minutes to hours

metabolic-take several hours or days

front 52

clinical evaluation of acid base balance

back 52

blood test to determine concentration of bicarbonate in plasma as index of patients overall status

can also test:

blood ph

PCO2

bicarbonate levels