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Ch. 21-26

front 1 Normal flora for skin	back 1 Staphylococci Micrococci Diphtheroids Gram-positive Salt tolerant
front 2 Two types of bacteria that frequently cause skin disease	back 2 Staphylococcus Streptococcus
front 3 Folliculitis	back 3 Infection of hair follicles Sty
front 4 Acne	back 4 Most common skin problem (17 million affected) Occurs when sebum channels are blocked with shed cells Caused by Propionibacterium acnes Best drug to treat with - Isotretinoin (serious side fx)

front 5 Chicken Pox	back 5 Transmitted via respiratory route Pus-filled vesicles Virus may remain latent in dorsal root ganglia Much more severe in adults Caused by Herpes Varicella-zoster virus
front 6 Smallpox	back 6 Extremely serious disease - very deadly in Middle Ages Starts as respiratory, but leads to pox lesions on skin Caused by Variola virus First disease artificially controlled (vaccine) First eradicated in 1977 in Africa
front 7 Cutaneous Mycoces	back 7 Infects epidermis, hair, nails Dermatophytes: tineas or ringworm Metabolizes keratin Ringworm, jock itch, athlete's foot Topical or oral treatment
front 8 Acanthamoeba kerititis	back 8 Transmitted from water Associated with unsanitary contact lenses

front 9 Microbes can enter the Nervous System by:	back 9 Trauma (skull or bone fractures) Medical procedures (spinal tap) Along peripheral nerves (inner ear infection) Blood or lymph
front 10 Meningitis	back 10 Inflammation of meninges
front 11 Encephalitis	back 11 Inflammation of the brain
front 12 Bacterial Meningitis	back 12 Fever, headache, stiff neck Followed by nausea & vomiting May progress to convulsions and coma Diagnosis by Gram-stain of CSF Treated with cephalosporins

front 13 Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis	back 13 Occurs mostly in children (6 mo - 4 yr) Gram-neg aerobic bacteria Normal flora for throat Capsule antigen type B Prevented by Hib vaccine
front 14 Neisseria Meningitis	back 14 Neisseria meningitidis Gram neg. aerobic cocci, capsule 10% are carriers of nasopharyngeal Begins as throat infection and rash Caused by endotoxins Antibiotics for treatment
front 15 Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis	back 15 Gram-posi diplococci 70% are carriers of nasopharyngeal Most common in children (1 mo - 4 yr) Mortality: 30% children, 80% elderly Some antibiotic resistance
front 16 Listeriosis	back 16 Listeria monocytogenes Gram-neg aerobic rod Usually food borne (dairy products) Can be transmitted to fetus Reproduce in phagocytes Shed in feces

front 17 Tetanus	back 17 Clostridium tetani Gram-posi, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe Grows in deep wounds Tetanospasmin released from dead cells blocks relaxation pathway in muscles Spastic paralysis, lockjaw Prevented by DTP vaccine and dT (10 years)
front 18 Botulism	back 18 Clostridium botulinum Gram-posi, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe Intoxication due to ingesting botulinal toxin Botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter causing flaccid paralysis Very heat resistant Nitrites kill, but are very carcinogenic Treatment: supportive care and antitoxin
front 19 Leprosy	back 19 Mycobacterium leprae Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30 deg celsius Grows in peripheral nerves & skin cells Transmission requires prolonged contact w/ infected person
front 20 Leprosy	back 20 Tuberculoid (neural) form: loss of sensation in skin areas & positive lepromin test Lepromatous (progressive) form: Disfiguring nodules over body, negative lepromin test (hands and nose) Treatment: combination of sulfur drugs

front 21 Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis	back 21 Soil fungus assoc. w/ pigeon & chicken dropping Transmitted by respiratory route Spreads through blood to CNS Mostly occurs in immunosuppressed Treatment: amphotericin B & flucytosine
front 22 African Trypanosomiasis	back 22 Protozoan Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is chronic (2 to 4 yr) T.b. rhodesiense is more acute (few mo) From blood to CNS Dullness of mental ability, coma, death Transmitted from animals to humans by tsetse fly Prevention: elimination of the vector Eflornithine blocks an enzyme necessary for the parasite Parasite evades Ab through Ag variation
front 23 Prions	back 23 Self-replicating proteins with no detectable nucleic acid Long incubation periods Disease of the CNS that progresses slowly and causes spongiform degeneration
front 24 Sepsis & Septic Shock	back 24 Sepsis (septicemia): bacteria growing in blood Severe sepsis: decrease in BP and dysfunction of at least one organ Septic shock: Often occurs with septicemia (inflammation of lymph vessels and nodes) Red streaks under skin

front 25 Sepsis	back 25 Gram-neg sepsis E. coli, pseudomonas, enterobacter Endotoxins cause BP decrease Antibiotics can worsen condition by killing bacteria Many are nosocomial (IV, catheter)
front 26 Sepsis	back 26 Gram-posi sepsis Nosocomial Staphylococcus areus Streptococcus pyogenes Group B streptococcus Enterococcus faecium and E.faecalis
front 27 Endocarditis	back 27 Inflammation of the endocardium (inner layer)
front 28 Rheumatic Fever	back 28 Autoimmune complication of Streptococcus progenies infections Starts as strep throat Arthritis and fever Can cause endocarditis Usually 4-18 yr

front 29 Tularemia	back 29 Francisella tularensis, gram-neg rod Transmitted from rabbits and deer by deer flies Usually through skin breaks, aerosol or eat Bacteria reproduce in phagocytes
front 30 Brucellosis (Undulant fever)	back 30 Brucella, gram-neg rods that grow in phagocytes B. abortus most common (elk, bison, cows) Undulating fever that spider to 40 deg celsius each evening Transmitted vial milk from infected animals/contact
front 31 Anthrax	back 31 Bacillus anthracis, gram-posi, endospore-forming aerobic rod Found in soil Cattle routinely vaccinated Treated w/ ciprofloxacin or doxycycline Death due to exotoxins
front 32 Cutaneous Anthrax	back 32 Endospores enter through minor cut 20% mortality

front 33 GI Anthrax	back 33 Ingestion of undercooked/contaminated food 50% mortality
front 34 Inhalational Anthrax	back 34 Inhalation of endospores 100% mortality
front 35 Gangrene	back 35 Ischemia Loss of blood supply to tissue (anaerobic) Necrosis (death of tissue) Death of soft tissue
front 36 Gas Gangrene	back 36 Clostridium perfringens, gram-posi, endospore-forming anaerobic rod Grows in necrotic tissue Treatment: surgical removal of dead tissue and/or hyperbaric chamber

front 37 Lyme Disease	back 37 Organism - also Borrelia Vector: tick Reservoir: mice Ticks feed on mice & then deer or human Stages: rash, flu-like symptoms, heart problems, nervous signs may appear
front 38 Typhus	back 38 Rickettsia, obligate intracellular parasite Causes several diseases Vector: arthropod Infects: endothelial cells of BV Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever Rash, fever, headache, later kidney & heart failure
front 39 Infectious Mononucleosis	back 39 Epstein-Barr virus (HV4) Acquired during childhood Transmitted via saliva Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes Immune to re-infection Remains latent, always a carrier
front 40 Burkitt's Lymphoma	back 40 Cancerous tumors of jaw EBV Cancer in immunosuppressed individuals, malaria and AIDS patients Mostly Africa Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Major cause of death in Asia

front 41 Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease	back 41 Cytomegalovirus (HV5) Infected cells swell Latent in WBC May be asymptomatic or mild Transmitted across placenta, can cause mental retardation Sexually, blood, transplant can also transmit AIDS patients at risk
front 42 Dengue Fever	back 42 Vector: mosquito Also called breakbone fever: severe muscle and joint pain Similar to Yellow Fever but milder Endemic in Caribbean
front 43 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever	back 43 Induces shock and fever Die few hours after infection Southeast Asia
front 44 Toxoplasmosis	back 44 Toxoplasma gondii Reservoir: cats Pass oocysts in feces to water or food Uncooked meat, cat feces Congenital damage to unborn fetus via placenta

front 45 Malaria	back 45 Plasmodium Transmission: mosquito Enters from mosquito saliva to blood stream and infects and reproduces in the blood cells, all burst open at once - severe fever Treatment: quinine No vaccine
front 46 Otitis Media	back 46 Common Cold Rhinovirus We tend to build up immunity to colds, as we get older we get fewer colds
front 47 Pertussis	back 47 Bordetella pertussis Violent cough, gasping for air in between coughs, fever Recovery can last for months Severe in children >1 yr Treated with Erythromycin
front 48 Bacterial pneumonias	back 48 Inflammation of lungs Most pneumonias are bacterial in origin

front 49 Pneumonococcal pneumonia	back 49 Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram-posi encapsulated diplococci High fever, breathing difficulty, chest pain Usually affects people w/ weakened immunity Treated with penicillin
front 50 Mycoplasmal Pneumonia	back 50 Mycoplasmal pneumoniae Pleomorphic, wall-less bacteria Mild symptoms Very hard to culture Treated with tetracycline
front 51 Legionellosis	back 51 Legionella pneumophila High fever, cough, general symptoms of pneumonia Transmitted by water and AC Treated with Erythromycin
front 52 Psittacosis (Ornithosis)	back 52 Chlamydia psittaci Gram-neg, intracellular bacterium Transmitted by elementary bodies from bird droppings to humans Parakeets and parrots Fever, headache, chills, delirium Treated with tetracycline

front 53 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)	back 53 Common in infants Causes cell fusion (syncytium) in cell culture Symptoms: coughing Diagnosis by serologic test for virus and Ab Treated by Ribavirin
front 54 Influenza	back 54 Influenzavirus Contains 8 separate RNA segments Chills, fever, headache, general muscular aches No GI symptoms
front 55 Influenza	back 55 Hemagglutinin (H) spikes used for attachment to host cells Neuraminidase (N) spikes used to release virus from cell Antigenic shift changes H and N spikes Due to genetic recombination between diff. strains infecting same cells Allows virus to avoid IgA Ab
front 56 Coccidioidomycosis	back 56 Coccidioides immitis Transmitted by airborne arthrospores Chest pain, fever, coughing, weight loss Strong resemblance to TB Treated by Amphotericin B

front 57 Coccidioidomycosis	back 57 Pneuomocystis Pneumonia Pneumocystis jiroveci (P.carinii) found in healthy human lungs Occurs in newly infected infants and immunosuppressed
front 58 Dental Caries	back 58 Streptococcus mutants: worst organism to break down enamel Bacteria convert sucrose into lactic acid and erodes tooth enamel
front 59 Saliva functions	back 59 Breakdown CHO Neutralizes acids Washes away bacteria Lubrication
front 60 Gingivitis	back 60 Periodontal disease in the gums Symptoms: bleeding gums after brushing

front 61 Staphylococcal food poisoning	back 61 Staphylococcus aureus Leading cause of gastroenteritis Can tolerate high osmotic pressure Enterotoxins are superantigens Toxin is durable and can stand reheating once formed Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea Recover in 24 hours
front 62 Salmonellosis	back 62 Salmonella enterica- various strains Second most common food poisoning Mortality (<1%) due to septic shock caused by endotoxin High risk foods: meat products, poultry, eggs Also infection from reptiles Incubation: 12-36 hours Abdominal pain and diarrhea Cook food thoroughly to prevent
front 63 Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis	back 63 Escherichia coli Occurs as traveler's diarrhea and epidemic diarrhea in nurseries Diarrhea is symptom Enterohorrhagic strains such as E. coli O157 produce Shiga toxin Treatment: Oral rehydration and self-limits
front 64 Hepatitis B	back 64 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Transmitted by transfusion, IV drug use, sex Incubates for 3 mo Symptoms vary, may be mild - loss of appetite, low fever, joint pain Fever, nausea, jaundice

front 65 Hepatitis B	back 65 Most people recover Complications: chronic carrier (10%) and liver cancer Treated by vaccine
front 66 Hepatits C	back 66 Hepatits C Virus (HCV) IV drug use most common way to transmit Mild symptoms, 85% of patients develop chronic hepatitis May lead to cirrhosis of liver/ liver cancer Treated with interferons
front 67 Hepatitis D	back 67 Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) Person has to be infected with HBV Chronic HBV w/ HDV - superinfection Increases mortality rate
front 68 Hepatits E	back 68 Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Transmitted by fecal-oral route Resembles HAV No chronic cases Treated by self-limiting

front 69 Norovirus	back 69 50% of US Adults have Ab 1-2 day incubation, 1-3 day illness Treated with rehydration
front 70 Tapeworms	back 70 Taenia spp. Life cycle w/ three stages Egg: excreted in feces and ingested by animal Cysticerci: in muscle of animal Adult tapeworm
front 71 Tapeworms	back 71 Transmitted as cysticerci in undercooked food Diagnosed by observing proglottids and eggs in feces Treated with praziquantel Cysticerci may develop in humans Neruocysticercosis may require surgery
front 72 Ascariasis	back 72 Ascaris lumbricoides Lives in human intestines Transmitted by ingesting Ascaris eggs

front 73 Cystitis	back 73 Inflammation of urinary bladder Common in females Usually caused by E.coli or S. saprophyticus Painful urination and leukocytes in urine Treated with Ampicillin
front 74 Gonorrhea	back 74 Neisseria gonorrhoeae Attaches to oral pharyngeal area, eyes, rectum, urethra, opening of cervix, external genitals by fimbrae Females may be asymptomatic, males have painful urination and pus discharge Treatment with Ab Untreated may result in endocarditis, meningitis, arthritis Can be transmitted to newborn's eyes
front 75 Nongonococcal Urethritis	back 75 Chlamydia trachomatis May be transmitted to newborn's eyes Painful urination and watery discharge Symptoms are mild & patients don't know they have it Males: inflammation of epididymis Females: inflammation of uterine tubes Treated with tetracycline
front 76 Syphilis	back 76 Treponema pallidum (spirochete) Transmitted by direct contact and can invade intact mucous membranes or penetrate through breaks in skin Primary stage: chancre at site of infection Secondary: skin and mucosal rashes Laten period: no symptoms Tertiary: gummas on many organs Congenital: neurological damage Primary & secondary stages treated with penicillin

front 77 Genital Herpes	back 77 Herpes simplex virus 2 Lesions appear after incubation period of one week Urination can be painful, walking is uncomfortable, even clothing is uncomfortable Recurrences from virus latent in nerves Triggered by stress, illness or scratching area Suppressed by acyclovir or valacyclovir
front 78 AIDS	back 78 Usually sexually transmitted Attacks immune system Lesions from other infections increase spread No cure