front 1 What percentage of our bodies is composed of water? Do men or women have higher percent body water? | back 1 A healthy young man is 60% water. A healthy young women is 50% water. Females have more body and less muscle. Of all tissues adipose tissue is least hydrated. |
front 2 Fluid in the body is in two main compartments. Name them! | back 2 Intracellular Fluid: 2/3 of total water. Extraceullular Fluid: 1/3 outside cells. 1.) plasma 2.) interstitial fluid 42L= 28L of Intra and 14L of Extra. Of the 14L only 3L is plasma the other 11L is interstitial |
front 3 What is edema and what can cause it? | back 3 a typical accumulation of fluid n the interstitial space leading to tissue swelling. Increased blood pressure, capillary permeability, incompetent venous valves, localized blood vessel blockage, congestive heart failure Hindered fluid return usually reflect an imbalance in colloid osmotic pressure. |
front 4 Extracellular fluid classified as either ___________ or ___________ fluid. | back 4 Plasma or interstitial fluid (fluid in spaces bw cells) |
front 5 Body fluids are considered to be electrolytes or _________ | back 5 Electrolytes: inorganic salts, all acids and bases and some proteins Nonelectrolytes: glucose, lipids, creatinine and urea Electrolytes have greater osmotic power and water moves according to osmotic gradients. |
front 6 What are some differences between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes? Anions and Cations? | back 6 Nonelectrolytes have bond that prevent them from dissociating in solution. Electrolytes do dissociate into ions in water. Ions are charged. |
front 7 How do we obtain water? How do we lose water? What is insensible water loss? What is metabolic water? | back 7 Most water enters the body through ingested liquids and solid foods. Body water produced by cellular metabolism is called metabolic water. Water that vaporizes out of the lungs in expired air or diffuses through the skin is called insensible water loss. |
front 8 What triggers thirst? | back 8 The thirst mechanism. It is governed by the hypothalamus thirst center which is activated by: 1.) Osmoreceptors 2.) Dry mouth 3.) A decrease in blood volume |
front 9 Electrogenic: | back 9 pertaining to a process by which net charge is transferred to a differentlocation so that hyperpolarization occurs. Sodium-potassium pump: against concentration gradient. |
front 10 How is water balance regulated by the hypothalamus & ADH? | back 10 Hypothalamic osmo-receptors detect ECF osmolality through changes in plasma membrane stretch that result from gaining or losing water. An increase of only 1-2% activates this. ADH is low = water not reabsorbed. The results is dilute urine. ADH is high = water is reabsorbed. small volume of concentrated urine is excreted. |
front 11 Influence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? | back 11 The most important trigger for aldosterone release from adrenal cortex is renin - angio 2 - aldosterone mechanism. When aldosterone concentrations are high all remaining filtered Na+ is actively reabsorbed in the DCT. Water always follows Na+. One way or another aldosterone increase ECF. If aldosterone is inhibited. Large amounts of Na+ is excreted along with large amounts of water. |
front 12 What does ANP do? Where is it produced? | back 12 It reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting all events that promote vasoconstriction, Na+ and water retention. ANP has diuretic effects. Inhibits ability of collecting duct to reabsorb Na+ by suppressing release of ADH |
front 13 How is sodium regulated? | back 13 Linked to blood volume and blood pressure. Neural and hormonal controls that regulate total body Na+ content. 1.) Aldosterone and Angio 2 2.) ANP |
front 14 How is potassium regulated? | back 14 Chiefly by renal mechanisms. PCT reabsorb about 60-80% of K+ and thick ascending loop absorbs another 10-20%. The responsibility for K+ balance falls chiefly on the collecting ducts. Achieve balance by changing the amount of K+ secreted into filtrate. The single most important factor influencing K+ secretion into the filtrate is the K+ concentration in ECF. 2nd factor is aldosterone. |
front 15 How is calcium regulated? | back 15 99% of calcium is found in bones. The bony skeleton provides a reservoir from which calcium can be withdrawn or deposited to maintain the balance. PTH activates bone digesting osteoclasts which break down the bone releasing calcium. |
front 16 How is chloride regulated? | back 16 Chloride is the major anion accompanying Na+ in ECF. It helps maintain osmotic pressure. Alkaline- 99% of filtered chloride is reabsorbed Acidosis- less chloride accompanies Na+ bc Bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorption is stepped up. |
front 17 What do calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (parathormone) do? | back 17 Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone. This means that it acts to reduce calcium levels in the blood The parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted by the parathyroid glands, is responsible for regulating blood calcium levels; it is released whenever blood calcium levels are low. PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, which break down bone to release calcium into the blood stream. PTH increases blood calcium levels by increasing the amount of calcium resorbed by the kidneys before it can be excreted in the urine. |
front 18 Alkalosis | back 18 whenever the pH of a person rises above 7.45. |
front 19 Acidosis | back 19 whenever the pH of a person drops below 7.35 |
front 20 The three major chemical buffer systems are? | back 20 Resist changes in pH 1.) Bicarbonate 2.) Phosphate 3.) Protein buffer system |
front 21 Bicarbonate Buffer System: | back 21 If strong acid is added- pH of solution decreases only slightly If strong base is added- pH of solution increases only slightly |
front 22 Strong Acids | back 22 all their H+ is dissociated completely in water |
front 23 Weak acids | back 23 dissociate partially in water and are efficient at preventing change in pH |
front 24 Strong bases | back 24 dissociate easily in water and quickly tie up H+ |
front 25 Weak bases | back 25 accept H+ more slowly |
front 26 Phosphate Buffer System | back 26 Nearly identical to Bicarbonate. Effective buffer in urine and ICF |
front 27 Protein Buffer System | back 27 Proteins in plasma and in cells. |
front 28 Respiratory regulation of H+ | back 28 no data |