Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

70 notecards = 18 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Exam 4

front 1

The ability to cause disease

back 1

pathogenicity

front 2

The extent of pathogenicity

back 2

virulence

front 3

What must a microbe do to overpower the hosts' defense?

back 3

gain entry, adhere, penetrate, damage

front 4

How does the microbe gain access to the host?

back 4

through the portal of entry

front 5

What are the portals of entry?

back 5

Mucous membranes (respiratory, GI, urogenital, conjunctiva)

Skin

Parenteral route (puncture or injection)

front 6

Which portal is the easiest and most frequently used?

back 6

Respiratory tract because droplets or dust particles can be inhaled. Some common infections: common cold, tuberculosis, pneumonia, influenza, measles

front 7

Which portal is used to contract polio, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery and cholera?

back 7

Gastrointestinal tract by ingesting microorganisms in food and water, contaminated fingers

front 8

What is the tract called for sexually contracted diseases?

back 8

Genitourinary tract

front 9

How can microorganisms penetrate skin?

back 9

Openings in the skin (hair follicles, sweat glands); Hookworm larvae bore into the skin; fungi grow on the keratin of skin or infect the skin itself

front 10

The deposition of microorganisms directly into the tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes

back 10

Parenteral route (examples: punctures, injections, bites. cuts, wounds, surgery, splitting due to swelling or drying)

front 11

What is it called when not all microbes cause disease when they have entered the body?

back 11

Preferred portal

Salmonella typhi produces disease when ingested, but not when placed on skin.

When Streptococcus is inhaled it causes pneumonia but when swallowed does not.

front 12

What determines the virulence of a disease?

back 12

1. route of bacteria

2. number of bacteria

front 13

When half of the hosts die after a certain amount of toxin is administered what is this called?

back 13

LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of hosts)

front 14

When half of the hosts become infected after a certain amount of toxins is administered what is this called?

back 14

ID50 (infectious dose in 50% of hosts)

front 15

After entry into a host, almost all pathogens have some method to attach themselves to the host - what is this called?

back 15

Adherence

front 16

What are the pathogen's surface molecule called?

back 16

adhesins or ligands

front 17

The surface molecules on the host cell are called?

back 17

receptors

front 18

What are the mechanisms to adhere and avoid host defense?

back 18

Glycocalyx (capsule)

Waxes

Fimbriae

M protein

front 19

What are the key traits to a pathogen? The ability to:

back 19

1. Adherence

2. Avoid phagocytosis

3. Penetration

4. Produce enzymes (local)

5. Produce toxins (distant)

front 20

What are the most common ways of penetrating host defenses?

back 20

Capsules

Enzymes (leukocidins, hemolysins)

front 21

What is the function of capsules?

back 21

Prevent phagocytosis and help with attachment (adherence)

front 22

How do bacterial capsules resist phagocytosis?

back 22

Phagocytic cells cannot adhere to the bacterium.

front 23

How can encapsulated bacteria be destroyed?

back 23

Antibodies to the capsule can be made, in which case the bacteria are easily destroyed by phagocytosis

front 24

How do enzymes aid virulence?

back 24

Leukocidins destroy neutrophils and leukocytes that are active in phagocytosis.

Hemolysins causes lysis of erythrocytes (rbc)

front 25

What are streptolycins?

back 25

Hemolysins produced by Streptococci

front 26

Which hemolysin secretes hemolysis that causes the incomplete lysis of RBCs?

back 26

Alpha Hemolytic Streptococci

front 27

Which hemolysin secretes hemolysins that cause the complete lysis of RBCs?

back 27

Beta Hemolytic Streptococci

front 28

Which bacterial enzyme coagulates the fibrinogen in blood and what is the purpose of the clot?

back 28

Coagulases - clots may protect the bacteria from the phagocytosis and may be involved in walling off process of boils produced by staphylocci (to hide itself)

front 29

Which bacterial enzyme breaks down fibrin and dissolves clots formed by the body to isolate infections?

back 29

Kinases (to free itself)

front 30

Which enzyme is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and used to dissolve some types of blood clots in heart attack patients?

back 30

Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)

front 31

Which enzyme is secreted by some bacteria, including streptococci (and some clostridia involved in gas gangrene)?

back 31

Hyaluronidase (dissolves connective tissue)

front 32

What does hyaluronidase do?

back 32

Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid that holds together certain cells of the body, particularly in connective tissue; may be involved in blackening of tissue in wounds; helps microorganisms spread from initial site of infection

front 33

Which enzymes break down collagen (protein) which forms connective tissue of muscles and other tissues?

back 33

Collagenase (produced by species of Clostridium involved in gas gangrene)

front 34

Which substance scavenges iron from the host's body fluids?

back 34

siderophores

front 35

What causes the rearrangement of actin filaments in the cell cytoskeleton to bring the bacterium into the cell?

back 35

invasins (produced by Salmonella typhimurium and enteropathogenic E. Coli)

front 36

Which toxin is produced inside the bacterium and then released into the surrounding medium?

back 36

Exotoxins

front 37

What are the three groups of of exotoxins?

back 37

Cytotoxins - kills host cells or affect their function

Neurotoxins - interfere with nerve impulses

Enterotoxins - affect cells in gastrointestinal tract

front 38

What are inactivated exotoxins injected into the body to produce immunity?

back 38

Toxoids

front 39

What is life-threatening loss of blood pressure, when caused by Gram-negative organism?

back 39

Shock (septic shock)

front 40

Which toxin is part of the structure of the bacteria and the cell must be dead and also Gram negative?

back 40

Endotixin (lipid A)

front 41

What can be carried on the plasmid or lysogenic phages?

back 41

Virulence factors

front 42

Defenses that protect against any pathogen, regardless of species?

back 42

Nonspecific resistance

front 43

What are the two lines of defense?

back 43

First - skin and mucous membranes

Second - phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances

front 44

What is a barrier against penetration by microorganisms?

back 44

Skin

front 45

Which defense dilutes the number of bacteria?

back 45

Mucous membranes

front 46

Which enzyme can breakdown the Gram positive cell wall (somewhat effective against Gram negative) and in all body fluids to kill bacteria?

back 46

lysozyme

front 47

What are the three categories of leukocytes (WBCs)?

back 47

Granulocytes

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

front 48

What are lipase, proteinase, carbohydrase and nuclease?

back 48

Types of lysosome

front 49

Which phagocytic cells enlarge and become macrophages?

back 49

Monocytes

front 50

Which phagocytic cells migrate to the site of infection?

back 50

granulocytes and monocytes

front 51

Which phagocytic cells dominate the initial phase of bacterial infection?

back 51

granulocytes

front 52

What are the 4 main phases of phagocytosis?

back 52

Chemotaxis (chemical attraction to the microorganism)

Adherence (attachment)

Ingestion (engulfment by pseudopods, produces phagosome)

Digestion (phagosome fuses with lysosome to form a phagolyosome)

front 53

What is a defensive response triggered by damage to body tissues?

back 53

Inflammation

front 54

What are the 4 symptoms of inflammation or vasodilation?

back 54

redness

pain

heat

swelling

front 55

What is the most important job of inflammation?

back 55

To repair or replace tissues damaged by the agent or its products

front 56

What is the increase in diameter of blood vessels?

back 56

Vasodilation - increases blood flow to damaged area; responsible for redness and heat associated with inflammation

front 57

Which substances lead to vasodilation/permeability?

back 57

Histamine

Kinins

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes

front 58

Which substance is released by injured cells (send a help signal)?

back 58

Histamine

front 59

Which substance is present in blood plasma?

back 59

Kinins - also play a role in chemotaxis of phagocytic granulocytes

front 60

Which substance is released by damaged cells; intensifies effects of histamines and kinins and helps phagocytes move through capillary walls?

back 60

Prostaglandins

front 61

Which substance is produced by mast cells?

back 61

Leukotrienes

front 62

Blood vessel constriction, increased rate of metabloism and shivering all contribute to

back 62

temperature rise

front 63

Period of sweating indicate two things...

back 63

crisis and temperature is falling

front 64

A defensive system containing serum proteins that participate in lysis of foreign cells, inflammation and phagocytosis

back 64

Complement system

front 65

What are the components of the complement system?

back 65

protein C1 to C9

front 66

Which components are responsible for inflammation?

back 66

C3 (C3a and C3b) and C5 (C5a and C5b)

front 67

Which component(s) makes holes in cell wall and cause the cell to leak?

back 67

C9

front 68

What is one of the consequences of complement activation that attaches and makes the foreign cell "edible?"

back 68

Opsonization (immune adherence - binding of C3b to the microbe can interact with receptors on phagocytes)

front 69

Which substance notifies the neighbor cell of infection to create antiviral proteins (AVPs)?

back 69

Interferons (IFNs)

front 70

What do interferons do?

back 70

They interfere with viral multiplication and stimulate production of AVPs