front 1 The ability to cause disease | back 1 pathogenicity |
front 2 The extent of pathogenicity | back 2 virulence |
front 3 What must a microbe do to overpower the hosts' defense? | back 3 gain entry, adhere, penetrate, damage |
front 4 How does the microbe gain access to the host? | back 4 through the portal of entry |
front 5 What are the portals of entry? | back 5 Mucous membranes (respiratory, GI, urogenital, conjunctiva) Skin Parenteral route (puncture or injection) |
front 6 Which portal is the easiest and most frequently used? | back 6 Respiratory tract because droplets or dust particles can be inhaled. Some common infections: common cold, tuberculosis, pneumonia, influenza, measles |
front 7 Which portal is used to contract polio, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery and cholera? | back 7 Gastrointestinal tract by ingesting microorganisms in food and water, contaminated fingers |
front 8 What is the tract called for sexually contracted diseases? | back 8 Genitourinary tract |
front 9 How can microorganisms penetrate skin? | back 9 Openings in the skin (hair follicles, sweat glands); Hookworm larvae bore into the skin; fungi grow on the keratin of skin or infect the skin itself |
front 10 The deposition of microorganisms directly into the tissues beneath the skin or mucous membranes | back 10 Parenteral route (examples: punctures, injections, bites. cuts, wounds, surgery, splitting due to swelling or drying) |
front 11 What is it called when not all microbes cause disease when they have entered the body? | back 11 Preferred portal Salmonella typhi produces disease when ingested, but not when placed on skin. When Streptococcus is inhaled it causes pneumonia but when swallowed does not. |
front 12 What determines the virulence of a disease? | back 12 1. route of bacteria 2. number of bacteria |
front 13 When half of the hosts die after a certain amount of toxin is administered what is this called? | back 13 LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of hosts) |
front 14 When half of the hosts become infected after a certain amount of toxins is administered what is this called? | back 14 ID50 (infectious dose in 50% of hosts) |
front 15 After entry into a host, almost all pathogens have some method to attach themselves to the host - what is this called? | back 15 Adherence |
front 16 What are the pathogen's surface molecule called? | back 16 adhesins or ligands |
front 17 The surface molecules on the host cell are called? | back 17 receptors |
front 18 What are the mechanisms to adhere and avoid host defense? | back 18 Glycocalyx (capsule) Waxes Fimbriae M protein |
front 19 What are the key traits to a pathogen? The ability to: | back 19 1. Adherence 2. Avoid phagocytosis 3. Penetration 4. Produce enzymes (local) 5. Produce toxins (distant) |
front 20 What are the most common ways of penetrating host defenses? | back 20 Capsules Enzymes (leukocidins, hemolysins) |
front 21 What is the function of capsules? | back 21 Prevent phagocytosis and help with attachment (adherence) |
front 22 How do bacterial capsules resist phagocytosis? | back 22 Phagocytic cells cannot adhere to the bacterium. |
front 23 How can encapsulated bacteria be destroyed? | back 23 Antibodies to the capsule can be made, in which case the bacteria are easily destroyed by phagocytosis |
front 24 How do enzymes aid virulence? | back 24 Leukocidins destroy neutrophils and leukocytes that are active in phagocytosis. Hemolysins causes lysis of erythrocytes (rbc) |
front 25 What are streptolycins? | back 25 Hemolysins produced by Streptococci |
front 26 Which hemolysin secretes hemolysis that causes the incomplete lysis of RBCs? | back 26 Alpha Hemolytic Streptococci |
front 27 Which hemolysin secretes hemolysins that cause the complete lysis of RBCs? | back 27 Beta Hemolytic Streptococci |
front 28 Which bacterial enzyme coagulates the fibrinogen in blood and what is the purpose of the clot? | back 28 Coagulases - clots may protect the bacteria from the phagocytosis and may be involved in walling off process of boils produced by staphylocci (to hide itself) |
front 29 Which bacterial enzyme breaks down fibrin and dissolves clots formed by the body to isolate infections? | back 29 Kinases (to free itself) |
front 30 Which enzyme is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and used to dissolve some types of blood clots in heart attack patients? | back 30 Streptokinase (fibrinolysin) |
front 31 Which enzyme is secreted by some bacteria, including streptococci (and some clostridia involved in gas gangrene)? | back 31 Hyaluronidase (dissolves connective tissue) |
front 32 What does hyaluronidase do? | back 32 Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid that holds together certain cells of the body, particularly in connective tissue; may be involved in blackening of tissue in wounds; helps microorganisms spread from initial site of infection |
front 33 Which enzymes break down collagen (protein) which forms connective tissue of muscles and other tissues? | back 33 Collagenase (produced by species of Clostridium involved in gas gangrene) |
front 34 Which substance scavenges iron from the host's body fluids? | back 34 siderophores |
front 35 What causes the rearrangement of actin filaments in the cell cytoskeleton to bring the bacterium into the cell? | back 35 invasins (produced by Salmonella typhimurium and enteropathogenic E. Coli) |
front 36 Which toxin is produced inside the bacterium and then released into the surrounding medium? | back 36 Exotoxins |
front 37 What are the three groups of of exotoxins? | back 37 Cytotoxins - kills host cells or affect their function Neurotoxins - interfere with nerve impulses Enterotoxins - affect cells in gastrointestinal tract |
front 38 What are inactivated exotoxins injected into the body to produce immunity? | back 38 Toxoids |
front 39 What is life-threatening loss of blood pressure, when caused by Gram-negative organism? | back 39 Shock (septic shock) |
front 40 Which toxin is part of the structure of the bacteria and the cell must be dead and also Gram negative? | back 40 Endotixin (lipid A) |
front 41 What can be carried on the plasmid or lysogenic phages? | back 41 Virulence factors |
front 42 Defenses that protect against any pathogen, regardless of species? | back 42 Nonspecific resistance |
front 43 What are the two lines of defense? | back 43 First - skin and mucous membranes Second - phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances |
front 44 What is a barrier against penetration by microorganisms? | back 44 Skin |
front 45 Which defense dilutes the number of bacteria? | back 45 Mucous membranes |
front 46 Which enzyme can breakdown the Gram positive cell wall (somewhat effective against Gram negative) and in all body fluids to kill bacteria? | back 46 lysozyme |
front 47 What are the three categories of leukocytes (WBCs)? | back 47 Granulocytes Monocytes Lymphocytes |
front 48 What are lipase, proteinase, carbohydrase and nuclease? | back 48 Types of lysosome |
front 49 Which phagocytic cells enlarge and become macrophages? | back 49 Monocytes |
front 50 Which phagocytic cells migrate to the site of infection? | back 50 granulocytes and monocytes |
front 51 Which phagocytic cells dominate the initial phase of bacterial infection? | back 51 granulocytes |
front 52 What are the 4 main phases of phagocytosis? | back 52 Chemotaxis (chemical attraction to the microorganism) Adherence (attachment) Ingestion (engulfment by pseudopods, produces phagosome) Digestion (phagosome fuses with lysosome to form a phagolyosome) |
front 53 What is a defensive response triggered by damage to body tissues? | back 53 Inflammation |
front 54 What are the 4 symptoms of inflammation or vasodilation? | back 54 redness pain heat swelling |
front 55 What is the most important job of inflammation? | back 55 To repair or replace tissues damaged by the agent or its products |
front 56 What is the increase in diameter of blood vessels? | back 56 Vasodilation - increases blood flow to damaged area; responsible for redness and heat associated with inflammation |
front 57 Which substances lead to vasodilation/permeability? | back 57 Histamine Kinins Prostaglandins Leukotrienes |
front 58 Which substance is released by injured cells (send a help signal)? | back 58 Histamine |
front 59 Which substance is present in blood plasma? | back 59 Kinins - also play a role in chemotaxis of phagocytic granulocytes |
front 60 Which substance is released by damaged cells; intensifies effects of histamines and kinins and helps phagocytes move through capillary walls? | back 60 Prostaglandins |
front 61 Which substance is produced by mast cells? | back 61 Leukotrienes |
front 62 Blood vessel constriction, increased rate of metabloism and shivering all contribute to | back 62 temperature rise |
front 63 Period of sweating indicate two things... | back 63 crisis and temperature is falling |
front 64 A defensive system containing serum proteins that participate in lysis of foreign cells, inflammation and phagocytosis | back 64 Complement system |
front 65 What are the components of the complement system? | back 65 protein C1 to C9 |
front 66 Which components are responsible for inflammation? | back 66 C3 (C3a and C3b) and C5 (C5a and C5b) |
front 67 Which component(s) makes holes in cell wall and cause the cell to leak? | back 67 C9 |
front 68 What is one of the consequences of complement activation that attaches and makes the foreign cell "edible?" | back 68 Opsonization (immune adherence - binding of C3b to the microbe can interact with receptors on phagocytes) |
front 69 Which substance notifies the neighbor cell of infection to create antiviral proteins (AVPs)? | back 69 Interferons (IFNs) |
front 70 What do interferons do? | back 70 They interfere with viral multiplication and stimulate production of AVPs |