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Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

34 notecards = 9 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

front 1

Resistance

back 1

Ability to ward off disease

front 2

Susceptibility

back 2

Lack of resistance to a disease

front 3

Nonspecific resistance

back 3

Defenses against any pathogen

front 4

Specific resistance

back 4

Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen

front 5

First line of defense

back 5

  • Skin membranes
  • Normal microbiota

front 6

Second line of defense

back 6

  • Phagocytes
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
  • Antimicrobial substances

front 7

Mechanical Factors: Skin

back 7

  • Tightly packed cells in epidermis packed with keratin
  • Shedding of skin and microbes

front 8

Mechanical Factors: Mucous Membranes

back 8

  • Not as effective as skin
  • Cilliary escalator: Microbes trapped in mucous and transported away from the lungs
  • Lacrimal apparatus: washes eye
  • Saliva: washes microbes off
  • Urine and Vaginal secretions: flow out

front 9

Chemical Factors: Skin

back 9

  • Fatty acid in sebum (low pH of 3-5)
  • Lysozyme: perspiration, tears, saliva, tissue fluids
  • Gastric juice (low pH of 1.3-3.0)
  • Transferrins in blood find iron

front 10

Microbial antagonism/Competitive exclusion

back 10

Normal microbiota with pathogens

front 11

Phagocytosis

back 11

  • Ingestion of microbes/ particles by a cell
  • Performed by phagocytes

front 12

Leukocytes

back 12

White blood cells

front 13

Granulocyte

back 13

Large granules in cytoplasm visible under a light microscope

front 14

Agranulocyte

back 14

Have granules, but not visible under light microscope

(Nonsensical naming)

front 15

Types of Granulocytes

back 15

  • Neutrophils (60%-70%)
  • Basophils (0.5%-1%)
  • Eosinophils (2%-4%)

front 16

Neutrophils

back 16

  • "First responders at crime scene"
  • Highly phagocytic and motile
  • Leave blood, enter tissue that is infected and destroys microbes and foreign particles

front 17

Basophils

back 17

  • Role is unclear
  • Release histamine

front 18

Eosinophils

back 18

  • Attach to outer surface of parasites and discharge peroxide ions that destroy them

front 19

Types of Agranulocytes

back 19

  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes

front 20

Monocytes

back 20

  • "Detective if first responders can't handle it"
  • Phagocytic as mature macrophage

front 21

Lymphocytes

back 21

  • "Military, the last defense, most strong and most harmful"
  • T cells and B cells
  • Are not phagocytic
  • Key role in specific immunity

front 22

Differential White Cell Count

back 22

% of each type of WBC in a sample of 100 WBC

front 23

Action of Phagocytic cells

back 23

  • Neutrophils and monocytes will migrate to infected area
  • Granulocytes dominate initially
  • Monocytes mature into macrophages and dominate after progression of infection

front 24

Chemotaxis

back 24

  • Chemical attraction
  • Microbial products
  • Components of WBC
  • Peptides from complement

front 25

Adherence

back 25

  • Attachment of MO
  • M proteins and capsules prohibit attachment
  • Opsonization: enhancement of phagocytosis by coating with certain proteins

front 26

Inflammation

back 26

  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • Pain

front 27

Vasodilation

back 27

  • Increased blood flow
  • Increased permeability of BV
  • Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes

front 28

Margination

back 28

Phagocytes stick to inner surface of BV

front 29

Emigration

back 29

Diapedisis-Phagocytes move out of BV and into tissues

front 30

Fever

back 30

  • Above 37 C
  • Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins to set high temp
  • Body increases metabolism
  • Gram - endotoxin cause phagocytes to release interleukin 1
  • When IL-1 is eliminated, body temp falls

front 31

Advantages of fever

back 31

  • Increased productivity of T-lymphocytes
  • Increased effect of interferons
  • Increased tissue repair

front 32

Anti-Microbial Substances

back 32

  • Complement
  • Phagocytosis
  • Interferon

front 33

Complement System

back 33

Three PWs

  • Classical
  • Alternative
  • Lectin

Serum proteins involved in lysis and phagocytosis of bacteria

front 34

Interferons

back 34

  • Interfere with viral multiplication
  • Host cell specific but not virus specific
  • Disadvantages: only effective for short periods of time, when injected there are serious and sometimes toxic side effects, does not affect cells already infected