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52 notecards = 13 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

front 1

Pathogenicity

back 1

Ability to cause disease

front 2

Virulence

back 2

The extent of pathogenicity

front 3

Three ways a MO can infect a host

back 3

  • Mucous membranes
  • Respiratory tract
  • GI tract
  • Genitourinary tract
  • Conjuctiva
  • Skin
  • Parenteral route

front 4

Portals of Entry: Respiratory tract

back 4

  • Easiest
  • Colds, pneumonia, tuberculosis, flu, measles, smallpox

front 5

Portals of Entry: Gastrointestinal tract

back 5

  • Ingesting
  • Most can be destroyed by stomach
  • Poliomyelitis, hep A, typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery, giardiasis, shigellosis, cholera

front 6

Portals of Entry: Genitourinary tract

back 6

  • Sexually transmitted
  • May penetrate an unbroken mucous membrane
  • Others require a cut or abrasion
  • Herpes. HIV, genital warts, chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea

front 7

Portals of Entry: Skin

back 7

  • Unbroken skin is excellent barrier
  • Some gain access through an open wound

front 8

Portals of Entry: Parenteral Route

back 8

  • Deposited beneath the skin
  • Needles, punctures, bites, cuts, wounds, surgery

front 9

True or False: If an organism enters the body, it will produce a disease

back 9

False. Organisms have a preferred portal of entry therefore will not always produce disease.

front 10

ID50

back 10

Infectious dose for 50% of the test population (virulence)

front 11

LD50

back 11

Lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population (potency of toxin)

front 12

Adhesion

back 12

  • Surface molecules on MO that allow the MO to adhere to host tissue
  • Glycocalyx, pili, fimbrae, flagella

front 13

Bioflim

back 13

  • Communities of MO
  • Scum in pools, shower doors, teeth

front 14

Capsule

back 14

  • Glycocalyx can resist phagocytosis, therefore increases virulence
  • Prevents adhesion of phagocytic cell

front 15

M protein

back 15

  • Component of cell wall
  • Acid and heat resistant

front 16

Extracellular enzymes

back 16

  • Coagulase
  • Kinases
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Collagenase
  • IgA proteases

front 17

Coagulase

back 17

Coagulates blood

front 18

Kinase

back 18

Digests fibrin clots

front 19

Hyaluronidase

back 19

Hydrolyses hyaluronic acid

front 20

Collagenase

back 20

Hydrolyzes collagen

front 21

IgA proteases

back 21

Destroys IgA antibodies

front 22

Antigenic variation

back 22

Alter surface proteins

front 23

Invasins

back 23

Manipulate cytoskeleton allowing entry to cell membrane

front 24

Ways Bacterial Pathogens Can Damage Host Cells

back 24

  • Use host nutrients
  • Direct damage
  • Producing toxins
  • Inducing hypersensitivity reactions

front 25

Ways Bacterial Pathogens Can Damage Host Cells: Using host's nutrients

back 25

Siderophores: take iron from host iron-binding proteins

front 26

Ways Bacterial Pathogens Can Damage Host Cells: Direct damage

back 26

  • Immediate area
  • Use of nutrients
  • Production of waste
  • Rupture of cells

front 27

Ways Bacterial Pathogens Can Damage Host Cells: Toxins

back 27

  • Toxin
  • Toxigenicity
  • Toxemia

front 28

Toxin

back 28

Poisonous substance produced by MO that contributes to pathogenicity

front 29

Toxigenicity

back 29

Ability to produce a toxin

front 30

Toxemia

back 30

Presence of toxin in host's blood

front 31

Exotoxins

back 31

  • GRAM POSITIVE
  • Produced inside the bacteria and released to surrounding medium

front 32

Toxoid

back 32

Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

front 33

Antitoxin

back 33

Antibodies vs. a specific toxin

front 34

Characteristics of Exotoxins

back 34

  • Genes carried on bacterial plasmids
  • Soluble in bodily fluids
  • Easily transported throughout body
  • Among most lethal substances known
  • I mg Botulinum = enough ExoT to kill 1 million Guinea Pigs
  • Diseases are caused by ExoT, not bacteria themselves

front 35

Three types of Exotoxins

back 35

  • B toxins (Type III)
  • Membrane-disrupting (Type II)
  • Superantigens (Type I)

front 36

B toxins

back 36

  • Type III
  • Two polypeptide components
  • B for Binding
  • A is enzyme

front 37

Membrane-disrupting toxins

back 37

  • Type II
  • Lyse host cells
  • Make protein channels in the plasma membrane
  • Disrupt phospholipid bilayer

front 38

Superantigens

back 38

  • Cause intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells
  • Fever, nausea, shock, vomiting, diarrhea, death

front 39

Classification of Exotoxins

back 39

  • Cytotoxins
  • Neurotoxins
  • Enterotoxins

front 40

Cytotoxin

back 40

Kills cells or damages function

front 41

Neurotoxin

back 41

Alter nerve impulses

front 42

Enterotoxins

back 42

Affect GI tracts

front 43

Endotoxins

back 43

  • GRAM NEGATIVE
  • Lipopolysaccharides from outer membrane of G- bacteria
  • All endotoxins produce same signs and symptoms
  • Fever, ache, nausea, shock, blood clotting and death

front 44

Fever is caused by a

back 44

Pyrogenic response

front 45

Interleukins

back 45

  • Released by macrophages
  • Causes temperature to rise by affecting the hypothalamus

front 46

Ways virulence is enhanced

back 46

  • Plasmids
  • Lysogeny
  • Pathogenicity

front 47

Viral Pathogenicity: Cytopathic effects

back 47

Observable signs of cell damage

front 48

Viral Pathogenicity: Cytocidal effects

back 48

Cell death

front 49

Fungi Pathogenicity

back 49

  • Don't have well-defined set of factors
  • Damage is usually by toxins
  • Aflatoxin: carcinogenic fungus on peanuts

front 50

Protozoan Pathogenicity

back 50

  • Presence of and waste produce disease symptoms
  • Toxoplasma attaches to macrophages and gains entry by phagocytosis

front 51

Helminth Pathogenicity

back 51

  • Presence produces disease
  • Elephantitis

front 52

Algae Pathogenicity

back 52

  • Few produce neurotoxin
  • Saxitoxin: paralytic shellfish poisoning