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Campbell Biology 10th edition Chapter 13
front 1 1) If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in having a single plant with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the following would be her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line of such plants? A) Backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits. B) Breed this plant with another plant with much weaker traits. C) Clone the plant. D) Force the plant to self-pollinate to obtain an identical one. | back 1 C) Clone the plant. |
front 2 2) Which of the following defines a genome? A) the complete set of an organism's polypeptides B) the complete set of a species' polypeptides C) a karyotype D) the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences | back 2 D) the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences |
front 3 3) Asexual reproduction occurs during _____. A) meiosis B) mitosis C) fertilization D) chromosome exchange between organisms of different species | back 3 B) mitosis |
front 4 4) Quaking aspen can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems? A) 9 B) 10 C) 19 D) 38 | back 4 D) 38 |
front 5 5) Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction? A) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of plants and fungi. B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring. C) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis. D) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring. | back 5 B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring. |
front 6 6) At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype? A) prophase B) metaphase C) anaphase D) interphase | back 6 B) metaphase |
front 7 7) Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? A) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell. B) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell. C) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs. D) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes. | back 7 C) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs. |
front 8 8) Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, which do all sexual life cycles have in common? I. Alternation of generations II. Meiosis III. Fertilization IV. Gametes V. Spores A) I, II, and IV B) II, III, and IV C) II, IV, and V D) I, II, III, IV, and V | back 8 B) II, III, and IV |
front 9 9) In a plant's sexual life cycle _____. A) sporophytes produce gametes by meiosis B) gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis C) gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis D) sporophytes produce gametes by mitosis | back 9 B) gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis |
front 10 10) Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations? A) A grandparent and grandchild each have dark hair, but the parent has blond hair. B) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte). C) A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote. D) A haploid mushroom produces gametes by mitosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization, which is immediately followed by meiosis. | back 10 B) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte). |
front 11 11) A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Therefore, we can conclude that it must _____. A) be human B) be an animal C) reproduce sexually D) have gametes with 23 chromosomes | back 11 D) have gametes with 23 chromosomes |
front 12 12) A triploid cell contains sets of three homologous chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following? A) 63 chromosomes in pairs B) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3 C) 63 chromosomes, each with three chromatids D) 21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes | back 12 B) 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3 |
front 13 13) Which of the following might result in a human zygote with 45 chromosomes? A) an error in either egg or sperm meiotic anaphase B) failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the sperm C) failure of an egg to complete meiosis II D) incomplete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis after meiosis I | back 13 A) an error in either egg or sperm meiotic anaphase |
front 14 14) In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If we choose one of these pairs, such as pair 14, which of the following do the two chromosomes of the pair have in common? A) length and position of the centromere only B) length, centromere position, and staining pattern only C) length, centromere position, staining pattern, and traits coded for by their genes D) They have nothing in common except that they are X-shaped. | back 14 C) length, centromere position, staining pattern, and traits coded for by their genes |
front 15  Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure to answer the following question: 15) Which of the life cycles is typical for animals? A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and III | back 15 A) I only |
front 16  Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure to answer the following question: 16) Which of the life cycles is typical for plants and some algae? A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and III | back 16 C) III only |
front 17  Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure to answer the following question: 17) Which of the life cycles is typical for most fungi and some protists? A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II | back 17 B) II only |
front 18  Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure to answer the following question: 18) In a life cycle such as that shown in part III of the figure above, if the zygote's chromosome number is 10, which of the following will be true? A) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 10 and the gametophyte's is 5. B) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 5 and the gametophyte's is 10. C) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 10 chromosomes per cell. D) The sporophyte and gametophyte each have 5 chromosomes per cell. | back 18 A) The sporophyte's chromosome number per cell is 10 and the gametophyte's is 5. |
front 19 19) Homologous chromosomes _____. A) are identical B) carry information for the same traits C) carry the same alleles D) align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II | back 19 B) carry information for the same traits |
front 20 20) If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for those organisms that spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state? A) DNA replication B) reverse transcription C) synapsis D) fertilization | back 20 D) fertilization |
front 21 21) The human X and Y chromosomes _____. A) are both present in every somatic cell of males and females B) are the same size and have the same number of genes C) include genes that determine an individual's sex D) are called autosomes | back 21 C) include genes that determine an individual's sex |
front 22 22) Which of these is a karyotype? A) a display of all of the cell types in an organism B) organized images of a cell’s chromosomes C) the appearance of an organism D) a display of a cell’s mitotic stages | back 22 B) organized images of a cell’s chromosomes |
front 23 23) If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents? A) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis. B) It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the originating cell. C) It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the originating cell. D) It is identical in content to another cell formed from the same meiosis I event. | back 23 A) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis. |
front 24 24) The somatic cells of a privet shrub each contain 46 chromosomes. How do privet chromosomes differ from the chromosomes of humans ,who also have 46? A) Privet cells cannot reproduce sexually. B) Privet sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in the laboratory. C) Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans. D) Privet shrubs must be metabolically more like animals than like other shrubs. | back 24 C) Genes of privet chromosomes are significantly different than those in humans. |
front 25 25) After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is _____. A) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid B) diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids C) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid D) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids | back 25 D) haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids |
front 26 26) How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? They have _____. A) half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. B) the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. C) half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. D) half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA. | back 26 C) half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. |
front 27 27) Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I? A) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other. B) The chromosome number per cell remains the same. C) Sister chromatids are separated. D) Four daughter cells are formed. | back 27 A) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other. |
front 28 28) Sister chromatids separate from each other during _____. A) meiosis I only B) meiosis II only C) mitosis and meiosis I D) mitosis and meiosis II | back 28 D) mitosis and meiosis II |
front 29 29) Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? A) chromosome replication B) synapsis of chromosomes C) alignment of chromosomes at the equator D) condensation of chromosomes | back 29 B) synapsis of chromosomes |
front 30 30) When we first see chiasmata under a microscope, we know that _____. A) meiosis II has occurred B) anaphase II has occurred C) prophase I is occurring D) separation of homologs has occurred | back 30 C) prophase I is occurring |
front 31  31) Homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle. A) I B) II C) IV D) VI | back 31 B) II |
front 32  32) Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate. A) III B) IV C) V D) VII | back 32 D) VII |
front 33  Refer to the drawings in the figure of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions. 33) Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis? A) I B) II C) IV D) V | back 33 A) I |
front 34  Refer to the drawings in the figure of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions. 34) Which diagram represents anaphase II of meiosis? A) I B) III C) IV D) V | back 34 D) V |
front 35  You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of the same organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in the figure below. Refer to the graph to answer the following question(s). 35) Which sample of DNA might be from a nerve cell arrested in G0 of the cell cycle? A) I B) II C) III D) either I or II | back 35 A) I |
front 36  You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of the same organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in the figure below. Refer to the graph to answer the following question(s). 36) Which sample might represent an animal cell in the G2 phase of the cell cycle? A) I B) II C) III D) both I and II | back 36 B) II |
front 37  You have isolated DNA from three different cell types of the same organism, determined the relative DNA content for each type, and plotted the results on the graph shown in the figure below. Refer to the graph to answer the following question(s). 37) Which sample might represent a zygote? A) I B) II C) III D) either I or II | back 37 A) I |
front 38  38) A certain female's number 12 chromosomes both have the blue gene and number 19 chromosomes both have the long gene. As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis, her resulting eggs (ova) may have which of the following? A) either two number 12 chromosomes with blue genes or two with orange genes B) either two number 19 chromosomes with long genes or two with short genes C) either one blue or one orange gene in addition to either one long or one short gene D) one chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene | back 38 D) one chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene |
front 39  39) If a female of this species has one chromosome 12 with a blue gene and another chromosome 12 with an orange gene, and has both number 19 chromosomes with short genes, she will produce which of the following egg types? A) only blue short gene eggs B) only orange short gene eggs C) one-half blue short and one-half orange short gene eggs D) three-fourths blue short and one-fourth orange short gene eggs | back 39 C) one-half blue short and one-half orange short gene eggs |
front 40  40) A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosome and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome is expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis? A) All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations. B) All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations. C) Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations. D) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations. | back 40 D) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations. |
front 41 41) Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm? A) four B) two C) eight D) a diploid number | back 41 B) two |
front 42 42) Which of the following can occur by the process of meiosis but not mitosis? A) Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells. B) Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells. C) Diploid cells form haploid cells. D) A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell. | back 42 C) Diploid cells form haploid cells. |
front 43 43) In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during _____. A) anaphase II B) prophase I C) mitosis D) anaphase I | back 43 D) anaphase I |
front 44 44) What is a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal? A) Homologues align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II. B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologues separate in meiosis II. C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells. D) Crossover takes place in meiosis II. | back 44 C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells. |
front 45 45) What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism? A) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I. B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis II. C) DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before meiosis I. D) Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical genetic information. | back 45 A) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I. |
front 46 46) Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes? A) meiosis II B) meiosis I C) mitosis D) mitosis and meiosis II | back 46 B) meiosis I |
front 47 47) For the duration of meiosis I, each chromosome _____. A) is paired with a homologous chromosome B) consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere C) consists of a single strand of DNA D) is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex | back 47 B) consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere |
front 48 48) Homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite of each other at the equator of a cell during _____. A) mitosis metaphase B) meiosis metaphase I C) meiosis telophase II D) meiosis metaphase II | back 48 B) meiosis metaphase I |
front 49 49) Centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles in meiosis _____. A) anaphase I B) telophase I C) anaphase II D) telophase II | back 49 C) anaphase II |
front 50 50) Quaking aspen can send out underground stems for asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems? A) 9 B) 10 C) 19 D) 38 | back 50 D) 38 |
front 51 51) Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during _____. A) meiosis I only B) meiosis II only C) mitosis and meiosis I D) mitosis and meiosis II | back 51 A) meiosis I only |
front 52 52) For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes? A) 23 B) 46 C) about 1000 D) about 8 million | back 52 D) about 8 million |
front 53 53) Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of _____. A) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I B) the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization C) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II D) the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome | back 53 A) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I |
front 54 54) When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs? A) Two chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA. B) Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA. C) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged. D) Maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles and vice versa. | back 54 C) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged. |
front 55 55) How is natural selection related to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? A) Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction. B) Sexual reproduction results in the greatest number of new mutations. C) Sexual reproduction allows the greatest number of offspring to be produced. D) Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than asexual reproduction. | back 55 A) Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations, some of which will lead to differential reproduction. |
front 56 56) The diploid number of a roundworm species is 4. Assuming there is no crossover, and random segregation of homologues during meiosis, how many different possible combinations of chromosomes might there be in the offspring (not including variety generated by crossing over)? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 64 | back 56 C) 16 |
front 57 57) The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. Diversity in this species may be generated by mutations and _____. A) crossing over B) independent assortment C) crossing over and independent assortment D) nothing else | back 57 C) crossing over and independent assortment |
front 58 58) The fastest way for organisms to adapt to a changing environment involves _____. A) mutation B) asexual reproduction C) sexual reproduction | back 58 C) sexual reproduction |
front 59 59) Imagine that there are twenty-five different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses and bacteria. Which species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment? A) the sexually reproducing species B) the asexually reproducing species C) Sexually and asexually reproducing species are equally likely to thrive. | back 59 A) the sexually reproducing species |
front 60 60) In eukaryotes, genetic information is passed to the next generation by processes that include mitosis or meiosis. Which of the explanations identifies the correct process and supports the claim that heritable information is passed from one generation to another? A) During mitosis, DNA replication occurs twice within the cell cycle to insure a full set of chromosomes within each of the daughter cells produced. B) Mitosis, followed by cytokinesis, produces daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, thus insuring variation within the population. C) In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. D) Single-celled organisms can fuse their cells, reproducing asexually through mitosis to form new cells that are not identical to the parent cell. | back 60 C) In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes. |
front 61 61) Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes, such as reproduction, that affect genetic variation. They are evolutionarily conserved and shared by various organisms. Which statement best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution? A) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity. B) In order to increase genetic diversity for evolution in sexually reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization. C) Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, there is no mechanism for them to add genetic diversity for evolution. D) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms. | back 61 D) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms. |