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Bio Lab 7

front 1

Phylum Arthropoda

back 1

Arthropods are the most successful animal phylum in terms of species diversity, distribution, and sheer numbers

coelomate

body segmentation( modified metamerism)

hard exoskel

jointed appendages

front 2

Arthropodia segmentation

back 2

often fuse into three tagmata (anatomical areas) in the adult stage

head- contains segments with feeding and sensory activities

abdomen- contains segments with locomotor and or reproductive activities

front 3

cephalothorax

back 3

head and thoracic segments fused

front 4

the body of an arthropod is completely covered by the

back 4

cuticle

front 5

an exoskeleton of arthropod is made out of

back 5

protein and chitin

front 6

exoskeleton

back 6

strong, protects the animal and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move appendages.

thick and inflexible in some regions, such as crab claws, and think and flexible in others, such as joints

front 7

ecdysis

back 7

in order to grow, an arthropod must molt its old exoskeleton and secrete a larger one

leaves the animal temporarily vulnerable to predators and other dangers

its relative impermeability to water helps prevent desiccation and provides support on land

arthropods moved to land after the colonization of land by plants and fungi

front 8

Respiration

back 8

terrestrial arthropods generally have internal surfaces specialized for gas exchange. For example, insects have tracheal systems, branched air ducts leading into the interior from pores in the cuticle.

front 9

Subphylum Chelicerata

back 9

Limulus- horseshoe crab

Argiope- garden spider

front 10

Limulus- horseshoe crab

Argiope- garden spider

both contain one pair of_______ and one pair of ______.

________ and ________ are absent

back 10

Both contain one pair of chelicerae, one pair of pedipalps. Antennae and mandibles are ABSENT.

front 11

Subphylum Crustacea

back 11

Cabarus- crayfish

front 12

Cabarus- crayfish

found where?

contain two pairs of ______, 1 pair of ________

back 12

primarily found in aquatic environments.

contain two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles

front 13

Class insecta

back 13

Romalea- grasshoper

front 14

Romalea- grasshoper

found?

contain one pair______ and one pair_______

back 14

they are found in terrestrial environments.

contain one pair of antennae and one pair of mandibles

front 15

CRAYFISH ANATOMY

gills used for what?

located where?

back 15

feathery gills like under the lateral extensions of a large, expanded exoskeletal plate called the carapace

front 16

carpace

back 16

expanded exoskeletal plate

front 17

small angular structure located just under the carpace near the posterior portion of the thorax

back 17

heart

front 18

Internal anatomy of crayfish

back 18

large digestive glands fill much of the body cavity. the intestine extends from the stomach through the tain to the anus. the green glands lie near the brain in the head.

front 19

thin threads leading out from the heart

back 19

arteries

front 20

When blood collects in sinuses around the heart, the heart relaxes and these holes open to allow the heart to fill blood. the holes then close and the blood is pumped through the arteries which distribute it around the body. blood seeps back to the heat, since no veins are present

back 20

open circulatory system

front 21

green glands

back 21

excretory organs

long tubular structures that resemble nephridia but are compacted into a glandular mass.

Waste and excess water pass from these glads to the outside of the body through pores at the base of the antennae on the head.

front 22

brain

back 22

lies in the midline with nerves extending posteriorly fusing to form central nerve chord

front 23

How does the pattern of segmentation differ in the crayfish and the earthworm

back 23

crayfish has 3 distinct parts while the earthworm has septa that divides the body cavity

front 24

metamerism

back 24

condition in which body parts are repeated serially along the longitudinal axis of the body.

analids and arthropods

front 25

since all of the appendages of an animal such as the crayfish are believed to have evolved from the same basic ancestral structure they are said to be _____

back 25

homologous

front 26

because each appendage is homologous to the others on the animal, they demonstrate

back 26

serial homology

front 27

ABDOMEN APPENDAGES

back 27

uropods, swimmerets

front 28

uropods

back 28

1 pair on abdomen

biramous appendages that together with the medial telson make up the tail fan which is used in rapid escape movements and in fanning the eggs and young

front 29

swimmerets

back 29

5 pairs on abdomen

biramous, used for swimming

anterior two pairs are modified as copulatory organs in the male

their grooves direct sperm into the female's seminal receptacle. In the female, the swimmerets are also used t hold the fertilized eggs for incubation

front 30

THORAX APPENDAGES

back 30

walking legs

maxillipeds

front 31

walking legs

back 31

5 pairs on throax

uniramous; all but the last also bear gills

the first pair are the chelipeds and bear the large pincers (chelae)

the second and third pair also possess small pincers at their tips

front 32

maxillipeds

back 32

3 on thorax

biramous; used in food handling and chemosensation. The last two pairs have gills attached

front 33

HEAD APPENDAGES

back 33

Maxillae

Mandibles

antennae

antennules

front 34

Maxillae

back 34

2 pairs on head

biramous; used for food handling

second pair bears gill bailers which generate respiratory water currents through the gill chambers

front 35

mandibles

back 35

1 pair on head

uniramous

shred food for swallowing

front 36

antennae

back 36

1 pair

biramous; chemosensation

nephridiopore drains the green gland

front 37

antennules

back 37

1 pair on head

biramous

chemosensation

equilibrium

front 38

SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA

back 38

most marine, some freshwater, few terrestrial

free living even though some are parasitic

front 39

bodies of crustacean consist of two tagmata

back 39

cephalothorax, abdomen

front 40

cephalothorax

back 40

covered by a caprice and contains appendages used in sensing moving and feeding

contains two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles, 5 pairs of walking legs

front 41

abdomen

back 41

visceral functions

contains appendages used in moving

front 42

all crustaceans have two pairs of ______, 2 pairs of _____, a pair of ______, and a pair of ______ ____ commonly found on stalks

back 42

2 pairs of antennae, 2 pairs of maxillae, a pair of mandibles, pair of compound eyes

front 43

maxillla

back 43

one of the constituents of crustacean mouth parts

lie just behind the jaws and aid with detection and manipulation of food

front 44

serial homology

back 44

arthropods evolved from an annelid-like ancestor containing identical appendages

during this evolutionary process some metameres and appendages became specialized to accomplish different roles

the appendages are thus said to have serial homology. they are homologous since they are evolved from the same ancestral structures and serial since they are metameric

front 45

CLASS INSECTA

back 45

grasshopper (romalea)

only winged invertebrates

most successful species are small in size and have a great reproductive capacity

terrestrial

front 46

what sets insects apart from crustaceans

back 46

insects have one pair of antennae and crustaceans have 2 pairs

front 47

Insect body plan

back 47

have one pair of antennae and one pair of mandibles

front 48

thorax

back 48

usually has three pairs of walking legs and one or two pairs of wings

front 49

abdomen contains

back 49

most internal organs and specialized structure for reproduction

front 50

insects have

back 50

3 part gut

front 51

insects have what kind of appendages

back 51

unbranched appendages

front 52

Insect bodies divided into three_____

back 52

tagmata

head: containing appendages used in sensing and feeding

thorax: containing appendages used in moving

abdomen: containing no appendages and having visceral functions

front 53

Respiration in insects

back 53

uses a system of internal tubes- tracheae and sacs delivering oxygen directly to cells. Air is taken in through openings called spiracles (small openings in elastic air tubes)

front 54

digestive tract

back 54

narrow esophagus leading from the mouth expands into a large crop used for food storage

front 55

crop empties into

back 55

stomach where digestion takes place

front 56

gastric pouches

ceca

back 56

six pairs of these fingerlike extensions that connect to the digestive tract where the crop and the stomach meet.

these pouches secrete digestive enzymes and aid in food absorption.

front 57

food passes from the stomach to the

back 57

intestine then into the rectum and out the anus

front 58

hemocoel

back 58

space between the body walk and the digestive tract

front 59

excretion in insects

back 59

accomplished via Malpighian tubules

front 60

Malpighian tubules

back 60

blind ending tube like appendages of the intestine that open at the border between the mid and hindgut

as the hemolymph circulates in the hemocoel near these malpighian tubules, the uric acid is actively transported and discharged into the hindgut, from where the excretory products are passed with the feces

front 61

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA

back 61

named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae which serve as pinchers or fangs. In their cephalothorax they contain one pair of chelicerae. this is followed by one pair of pedipalps and 4 pairs of walking legs.

lack antennae and mandibles

limulus- horseshoe crab

argiope- garden spider

front 62

Bodies of chelicerata are divided into two magmata

back 62

cephalothorax- locomotor, sensory, feeding appendages

abdomen- visceral functions

front 63

Horseshoe crabs

back 63

do not have hemoglobin but rather hemocyanin to carry oxygen in their blood

front 64

horseshoe crab blood contains

back 64

amebocytes which can be harvested for medical applications

front 65

Horseshoe crab exoskeleton

back 65

tough and leathery

must be molted periodically as the animal grows

divided into two regions: cephalathorax, abdomen

front 66

cephalothroax, abdomen

back 66

bears six pairs of spines along the sides and on its ventral side has six pairs of flat, plate-like appendages.

front 67

carpace

back 67

covering the cephalothorax dorsally and laterally

hard

concave below and convex above

front 68

chelicerae

back 68

small

used for food manipulation

1st pair of appendages

front 69

pedipalps

back 69

second pair of appendages

front 70

walking legs, chelae

back 70

next 4 pairs

front 71

gnathobases, chilaria

back 71

all appendages except the chelicerae have spiny masticatory processes called this on the basal segments.

the chelae of the appendages pick up food and pass it to the gnathobases.

between the last pair of walking legs is a small rudimentary pair of appendages called the chilaria.

front 72

genital operculum

back 72

houses openings of the genital pores

front 73

Genital pores

back 73

2 on the underside of operculum

front 74

telson

back 74

tail used for bracing when the animal is burrowing or plowing through the sand or in righting itself when turned over

anus located ventrally at the proximal end

front 75

book gills, lamellae

back 75

leaf like folds

in life the plates and lamellae fan back and forth like the pages of a book in a breeze. because of this characteristic the collective structures are called book gills.

front 76

simple and compound eyes

back 76

later cpd eyes

median simple eyes

front 77

Spiders inject

back 77

poison from glands on the chelicerae to immobilize their prey which chewing their prey, spill digestive juices into the tissues and suck up the liquid meal

front 78

Arachnid cephalothorax has

back 78

6 pairs of appendages

-4 pairs of walking legs

-pair of pedipalps function in sensing or feeding

chelicerae usually function in feeding

front 79

how is gas exchange carried out in spiders

back 79

book lungs

front 80

silk protein

back 80

produced as a liquid by abdominal glands and spun by spinnerets into fibers that solidify

front 81

exoskel

back 81

hard, thin, chitinous, somewhat flexible

front 82

tagmata

back 82

cephalothorax and abdomen which includes the pedicel (slender waist)

front 83

cephalothorax

back 83

spiders do not have compound eyes

they have 6 to 8 ocelli (simple eyes) which can't detect motion so they rely more on tactile cues

front 84

sensory hairs

back 84

all parts of body have

front 85

fangs

back 85

2

used to eject poison from its poison gland

front 86

pedipalps

back 86

6 joined and sed for gripping prey

in the male it is modified as an intermittent organ to transfer sperm to the female

basal parts are used to squeeze and chew food

front 87

walking legs

back 87

4 pairs

each leg is made up of seven segments as follows : coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus

tarsus has claws and a tuft of sensory hairs at its terminal end

front 88

gas exchange

back 88

occurs between the blood circulating inside the lamellae and the air flowing in the spaces between the lamellae

front 89

tracheal spiracles

back 89

opening into a small chamber from which tracheal tubes extend into the body

front 90

epigynum

back 90

a chitinous plate which is located on the ventral mid line between the spiracle, conceals the female genital pore

3 pairs of spinnerets on a raised surface

front 91

book lungs

back 91

held apart by bars so that there are always air spaces between them

front 92

complete metamorphosis

back 92

passage through 3 different stages

larva hatches out of the egg

feeds and grows undergoing several molts

after the larva reaches maximum size, it molts and immediately undergoes a transformation into a non feeding stationary pupa.

pupal case splits open and the adult emerges

front 93

pupa

back 93

radical reorganization occurs. most of the larval tissues are broken down completely and replaced by adult structures concurrently formed from the division and differentiation of strategically situated clusters of embryonic cells called imaginal discs.

clusters were formed in the embryo but remain undifferentiated during the larval stage

front 94

incomplete metamorphosis

back 94

the immature form that somewhat resembles the adult transforms stepwise with each molt to reach the adult form.

adult never molts

front 95

larva

back 95

wormlike

front 96

nymph

back 96

resembles the adult but its head is disproportionately large and its wings are rudimentary.

as it feeds and grows it molts and with each molt it more closely approximates the adult form. finally after the last molt it is an adult with fully functional wings and a reproductive system.

front 97

naiad

back 97

in aquatic species the naiad, as the immature stage is called, looks less like the adult and usually has modifications like gills for aquatic life. Otherwise its development proceeds as for terrestrial species.

ex:odonata (dragonflies) and Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

front 98

exoskeleton

back 98

all insects have a exoskel composed of chitin and proteins which have been made tough and rigid through a chemical process called sclerotization.