front 1 Which microbes grow at an optimum temperature of 15 degrees Celsius? | back 1 Psychrophiles |
front 2 Which microbes grow in temperatures between 37 to 65 degrees Celsius? | back 2 Thermophiles |
front 3 Which microbes grow in at an optimum temperature range of 20 to 37 degrees Celsius? | back 3 Mesophiles |
front 4 What is the maximum temperature for growth of a thermophile? | back 4 65 degrees Celsius |
front 5 Which microbe grows in a temperature range of 20 to 45 degrees Celsius? | back 5 Mesophiles |
front 6 Which microbe grows in a temperature range of 0 to 20 degrees Celsius? | back 6 Psychrophiles |
front 7 At what pH does most bacteria grow? | back 7 6.5 to 7.5 |
front 8 What is the optimum pH range of acidophiles? | back 8 0 to 5.5 |
front 9 What is the optimum pH range of basophiles? | back 9 8.5 to 11.5 |
front 10 How is it that organisms can change the culture media - making it generally more acidic and can be toxic? | back 10 Their own waste |
front 11 Which osmotic pressure has no net movement? | back 11 Isotonic |
front 12 Which osmotic pressure causes water to move into the cell and possibly cause the cell to burst? | back 12 Hypotonic |
front 13 Which osmotic pressure causes water to move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink (plasmolysis)? | back 13 Hypertonic |
front 14 What type of microbe grows in high salt conditions? | back 14 Halophiles |
front 15 What are the macronutrients? | back 15 C-H-O-P-N - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphate, nitrogen |
front 16 What are trace elements? | back 16 Inorganic elements required in small amounts - Fe, Mn, Mg, vitamins (cofactors) |
front 17 Which element is the backbone nutrient? | back 17 Carbon |
front 18 What is essential for chemoheterotrophs? | back 18 organic carbon sources |
front 19 What is essential for autotrophs and give an example of an autotroph? | back 19 CO2; plants |
front 20 Which type of microbes cannot live without oxygen? | back 20 Obligate aerobes |
front 21 Which type of microbes can live with or without oxygen? | back 21 Facultative anaerobes |
front 22 Which type of microbes cannot live with oxygen? | back 22 Obligate anaerobes |
front 23 Which type of microbes tolerate oxygen? | back 23 Aerotolerant anaerobes |
front 24 Which type of microbes need less oxygen and more carbon dioxide? | back 24 Microaerophiles |
front 25 Complete the equation and name the enzyme to reduce toxicity by removing peroxide (H2O2). 2 H2O2 | back 25 > 2 H2O +O2; catalase |
front 26 Complete the equation and name the enzyme to reduce toxicity by removing peroxide. 2 H2O2 | back 26 > 2 H2O + O2; peroxidase |
front 27 Complete the equation and name the enzyme to reduce toxicity by removing superoxide free radicals. O2- + 2H+ | back 27 > H2O2 + O2; superoxide dismutase |
front 28 What makes and gets rid of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)? | back 28 Peroxisome |
front 29 Which medium is made of known amounts of chemicals? | back 29 synthetic (defined) |
front 30 Which medium is made of some ingredients of unknown composition or amounts? | back 30 complex |
front 31 What are some examples of complex mediums? | back 31 nutrient broth or tryptic soy broth |
front 32 What is an example of a synthetic medium? | back 32 E. coli minimal salts medium |
front 33 What is agar? | back 33 complex polysaccharide |
front 34 What is agar used for? | back 34 As a solidifying agent for culture media in Petri plates, slants and deeps |
front 35 What makes agar and ideal medium for microbes? | back 35 It is generally not metabolized by microbes |
front 36 At what temperature does agar liquefy? | back 36 100 degrees Celsius |
front 37 At what temperature does agar solidify? | back 37 40 degrees Celsius |
front 38 Which medium encourages the growth of certain organisms while discouraging the growth of others? | back 38 Selective medium |
front 39 Which medium distinguishes between different groups of bacteria? | back 39 Differential medium |
front 40 Which type of medium contains constituents which cause an observable change (color or pH change)? | back 40 Differential medium |
front 41 What is an example of a selective medium? | back 41 crystal violet or basic fuschin dyes selective for Gram- |
front 42 Which type of medium provides basic needs? | back 42 General medium |
front 43 What is an example of a differential medium? | back 43 MacConkey contains lactose and neutral red, lactose fermenters appear pink; blood agar - hemolysis |
front 44 What is the time required for cells to divide (and thus double the population) and can be as short as 20 minutes or longer than a day? | back 44 Generation time |
front 45 What are the four phases of the growth curve? | back 45 Lag Log Stationery Death |
front 46 Which phase is best for adding anything? | back 46 log phase |
front 47 Which phase is when the growth and death of cells is about even? | back 47 stationary phase |
front 48 Which phase is when the death of the cells exceeds the growth of the cells? | back 48 death phase |
front 49 Which phase is where the bacteria is adjusting to the environment? | back 49 lag phase |
front 50 What is the difference in indirect and direct methods of counting bacteria? | back 50 In direct, only live bacteria are measured; in indirect living and dead bacteria are counted |
front 51 What is a way to measure metabolic activity? | back 51 use glucose |
front 52 Which method of measurement requires the bacteria to be dried in filter paper and weighed? | back 52 dry weight |
front 53 Which method of method of counting bacteria requires the use of a light source, which is measured by whether the light reaches the detector when projected through the bacteria in a tube? | back 53 turbidity |
front 54 Completely destroys all forms of microbial life | back 54 sterilization |
front 55 Limited heat treatment, destroys pathogens but not all bacteria (killing C. botulinum endospores) | back 55 commercial sterilization |
front 56 Destroys vegetative cells on a surface by reducing the number of viable organisms in the material; removal of pathogens | back 56 disinfection |
front 57 Chemical treatment used to disinfect inanimate objects | back 57 disinfectant |
front 58 Treatment of living skin or tissue to kill microorganisms | back 58 antisepsis |
front 59 Physical removal of microbes (alcohol swab, soap) as in cleaning the skin prior to injections | back 59 degerming |
front 60 Microbial contamination | back 60 sepsis |
front 61 The absence of significant contamination | back 61 asepsis |
front 62 What prevents microbial contamination of wounds | back 62 aseptic surgery techniques |
front 63 Systematic cleansing of inanimate objects to reduce the microbial count to a safe level (for public health, used in restrooms, kitchens) | back 63 sanitize |
front 64 Kill all bacteria | back 64 bactericidal |
front 65 Halt the growth of bacteria for as long as the inhibitory substance is present | back 65 bacteriostatic |
front 66 what determines the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments? | back 66 Number of microbes environment (organic matter, temperature, biofilms) time of exposure microbial characteristics |
front 67 What denatures (unwinds) proteins? | back 67 heat |
front 68 What is the time at a given temperature in which all the microorganisms in a liquid culture will be killed? | back 68 thermal death time (TDT) |
front 69 What is the lowest temperature at which all microorganisms in a liquid suspension are killed in 10 minutes? | back 69 thermal death point (TDP) |
front 70 Steam, pressure and heat - steam alone can reach 100 degrees Celsius but under pressure (15 p.s.i.) can reach 121 degrees Celcius | back 70 autoclave |
front 71 Uses temperature below boiling point to kill pathogens and reduces total microorganism count (doesn't kill all, some harmless microorganisms survive), does not alter food taste | back 71 Pasteurization |
front 72 63 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes | back 72 classical Pasteurization |
front 73 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds | back 73 high temperature short-time |
front 74 140 degrees for less than one second | back 74 ultra-high temperature |
front 75 High temperature short-time Pasteurization | back 75 flash Pasteurization |
front 76 Most lethal at wavelength of 260nm; absorbed by DNA, leads to formation of thymine dimers; several methods of repair; used to sterilize air, surfaces (but cannot expose skin); nonionizing radiation | back 76 ultraviolet radiation |
front 77 Xrays, gamma rays, electron beams; penetrates deep into objects; can be used to steriize plastic objects, even foods (microwaves kill by heat; not especially antimicrobial) | back 77 ionizing radiation |
front 78 used with heat-labile samples; physically remove bacteria from liquid or air; .45 or .2 micron pore size | back 78 filtration |
front 79 Where does replication occur? | back 79 replication fork |
front 80 In most bacteria, there are two forks which are moving in opposite directions what is this called? | back 80 bidirectional replication |
front 81 occurs in a specific direction on the DNA (5' - 3') | back 81 synthesis |
front 82 What are the two strands called? | back 82 Leading - occurring in the 5'-3' direction Lagging - cannot synthesize continuously due to direction of DNA |
front 83 The short pieces on the lagging strand | back 83 Okazaki fragments |
front 84 Which strand requires RNA primers to begin each segment? | back 84 lagging strand |
front 85 Which stand has gaps that are closed by DNA ligase | back 85 lagging strand |
front 86 Each daughter molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand is called... | back 86 semiconservative |
front 87 What is the sequence of translation? | back 87 U C A G down, U C A G across and U C A G going down 4 times or 1st position, 2nd position and 3rd position |
front 88 Which is starting codon? | back 88 AUG |
front 89 What are the stopping codons? | back 89 UAA UGA UAG |
front 90 Triplets of bases in mRNA form | back 90 codons |
front 91 specifies which amino acid corresponds to each codon | back 91 genetic code |
front 92 is transcribed to make RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) | back 92 DNA |
front 93 Begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence | back 93 transcription |
front 94 Proceeds in the 5' > 3' direction | back 94 transcription |
front 95 Stops when it reaches the terminator sequence | back 95 transcrition |
front 96 Change in the genetic material | back 96 mutation |
front 97 May be neutral, beneficial or harmful | back 97 mutation |
front 98 agent that causes mutation | back 98 mutagent |
front 99 occur in the absence of a mutagent | back 99 spontaneous mutation |
front 100 Identifies potential human carcinogens by measuring mutagenesis in bacteria | back 100 Ames Test |
front 101 A change in the base sequence of DNA - silent if it doesn't cause a change in amino acids (often in the third position) | back 101 mutation |
front 102 Single base substitution | back 102 point mutation |
front 103 What are two types of point mutation? | back 103 missense and nonsense |
front 104 change in one base and results in change in amino acid | back 104 missense |
front 105 no length in code therefore no gene, results in a nonsense codon | back 105 nonsense |
front 106 insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs | back 106 frameshift mutation |
front 107 Causes the formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone | back 107 ionizing radiation (x rays, gamma rays) |
front 108 Causes thymine dimers | back 108 UV radiation |
front 109 separates thymine dimers | back 109 light repair |
front 110 Any bacteria picks up a "naked" DNA and it attaches to genome of new bacteria | back 110 trasnformation (recombination) |
front 111 Two bacteria conjugate together | back 111 conjugation |
front 112 DNA from one bacteria to another bacteria by virus | back 112 transduction |
front 113 Segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another | back 113 transposons "jumping gene" |