front 1 What is the use of drugs to treat a disease? | back 1 Chemotherapy |
front 2 What interferes with the growth of microbes within a host? | back 2 antimicrobial drugs |
front 3 What is a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe? | back 3 antibiotic |
front 4 What is it called when a drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host? | back 4 selective toxicity |
front 5 What is the source of more than half of the antibiotics? | back 5 Streptomyces, a filamentous soil bacterium, other from Bacillus and molds (fungi) |
front 6 According to Table 20.1, which group microorganisms are most antibiotics derived from? | back 6 Actinomycetes |
front 7 Which spectrum have the least side effects? | back 7 Narrow spectrum - it only impacts certain types of pathogens (penicillin affects primarily Gram positive) |
front 8 Antibiotics only work to destroy... | back 8 bacteria |
front 9 Which spectrum antibiotics have a small range of pathogens they are effective against? | back 9 Narrow |
front 10 Which spectrum antibiotics have a broad range of pathogens they are effective against? | back 10 Broad (effect Gram negative or Gram positive) |
front 11 What is the danger of broad spectrum antibiotics? | back 11 Normal microbial flora will also be destroyed and can lead to a superinfection (when a surviving organism overgrows like fungus) |
front 12 What are the criteria for ideal antibiotics? | back 12 Selective toxicity soluble in body fluid in (blood brain barrier) Resists excretion (stays in the body long enough) Shelf life Doesn't lead to resistance Cost not excessive Hypoallergenic (natural or synthetic) |
front 13 What are the actions of antimicrobial drugs? | back 13 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (penicillins) Inhibition of protein synthesis (erythromycin, tetracycline) Inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites *this makes an antimicrobial a "magic bullet" since bacteria has folic acid and we (humans) do not Inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription (quinolones) |
front 14 If an antimicrobial drug inhibits organelles that are 70s why is it not a "magic bullet" or in other words, why is it not an effective antimicrobial drug for humans? | back 14 In order for a drug to be a "magic bullet" it has to kill the pathogen but not hurt the host. Drugs that target organelles with 70s cannot be a magic bullet because mitochondria are also 70s and would be impacted by the drug. |
front 15 Which drug is an example of an antibacterial antibiotic cell wall inhibitor? | back 15 Penicillin |
front 16 What is the common core of penicillins? | back 16 B-lactam ring which is CH-CH-N-C and this prevents cell wall formation |
front 17 What breaks the b-lactam ring? | back 17 Penicillinase |
front 18 What is natural penicillin? | back 18 Natural from mold Best use for streptococcus spp and most staphylococcus |
front 19 What is semisynthetic penicillin? | back 19 More resistant to penicillinase Methicillin-resistant - Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) |
front 20 The administration of penicillin: Penicillin G requires... | back 20 Injection because stomach acid destroys it |
front 21 The administration of penicillin: Penicillin Y requires... | back 21 Either injection or orally |
front 22 What are cephalosporins? | back 22 Narrow spectrum Inhibits cell wall formation in gram positive pathogens 2nd generation- extended spectrum includes gram negative 3rd generation - includes pseudonomads, injected 4th generation - oral |
front 23 What are some polypeptide antibiotics? | back 23 Bacitracin - topical application (less risk since not injected or consumed); works against gram positive Vancomycin - glycopeptide, "last line" against antibiotic resistant S. aureus |
front 24 What is the last line against antibiotic resistant S. aureus? | back 24 Vancomycin Patient must be hospitalized Drug will affect kidneys |
front 25 Where is all antibiotic resistance? | back 25 In the plasmid |
front 26 What are antimycobacterium antibiotics? | back 26 Isoniazid (INH) - inhibits mycolic acid synthesis Ethambutol - inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid |
front 27 Which antibacterial antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis? | back 27 chloramphenicol, erythromycin,streptomycin, tetracyclines |
front 28 What are the side effects of streptomycin? | back 28 Can cause auditory nerve damage and possibly kidney damage |
front 29 What are the side effects of tetracyclines? | back 29 Suppression of normal flora and cause superinfections; brownish discoloration of teeth in children; possible kidney damage in pregnant women |
front 30 What is chloramphenicol? | back 30 simple structure, easily manufactured; broad spectrum and penetrates body well, but has some serious side effects. Used only when no suitable alternatives are available |
front 31 What are macrolides? | back 31 Contain macrocyclic lactone ring (i.e. erythromycin - not able to penetrate most Gram negative cell walls, so limited spectrum - often alternative to penicillin) |
front 32 Which drug is a broad spectrum drug that binds 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation? | back 32 Chloramphenicol |
front 33 Which drug is a broad spectrum drug that changes the shape of 30S subunit? | back 33 Aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, gentamycin) |
front 34 Which drug is a broad spectrum drug that interferes with tRNA attachment? | back 34 Tetracyclines |
front 35 Which drug affects Gram-positive; binds 50S, prevents translocation? | back 35 Erythromycin and macrolides |
front 36 Which drug affects Gram positives, binds 50S, prevents translocation? | back 36 Erythromycin and macrolides |
front 37 Which drug affects Gram positives, binds 50S subunit, inhibits translation? | back 37 Streptogramins and synercid |
front 38 Which drug affects Gram positives, binds 50S subunit, prevents formation of 70S ribosome? | back 38 Oxazolidinones (Linezolid) |
front 39 Occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone. When combination of drugs provides the same effect at a fraction of the concentration of either alone | back 39 Synergism |
front 40 Occurs when the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone. | back 40 Antagonism |
front 41 List ways in which antibiotics are misused | back 41 Using outdated, weakened antibiotics Using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions Use of antibiotics in animal feed Failure to complete the prescribed regimen Using someone else's leftover prescription |
front 42 Can determine MIC and also minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) | back 42 broth dilution |
front 43 What percentage of Americans get a viral disease per year? | back 43 90% |
front 44 Are very limited in which groups they are effective against and most have been developed in response to HIV (AIDS) | back 44 anitviral drugs |
front 45 synthetic nucleosides which interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis | back 45 Nucleosides analogs |
front 46 Inactivates reverse transcriptase (needed to make DNA from RNA viral genome) | back 46 enzyme inhibitors |
front 47 Any drug ending -zole is which type of drug? | back 47 Antifungal drug |
front 48 Interferes with sterol synthesis | back 48 imidazoles and triazoles |
front 49 interferes with mitosis and thus inhibits fungal reproduction. Useful against infections of fungi in hair and nails | back 49 griseofulvin |
front 50 Produced by Streptomyces, combine with sterols in the fungal plasma membrane and make the membrane excessively permeable which kills the cell | back 50 polyenes |
front 51 Why are fungi harder to attack? | back 51 Because fungi are also eukaryotic |
front 52 What is a broad spectrum drug that binds to 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation | back 52 Chloramphenicol |
front 53 Contain macrocyclic lactone ring (ex. erythromycin) and not able to penetrate most Gram negative cell walls, so limited spectrum - often alternative to penicillin | back 53 Macrolides |
front 54 Which drug has a simple structure, easily manufactured (more cheaply than isolating from Streptomyces). Broad spectrum and penetrates body well, but has some serious side effects. Used only when no suitable alternatives are available | back 54 Chloramphenicol |
front 55 Which bactericidal can cause auditory nerve damage and possibly kidney damage? | back 55 Streptomycin |
front 56 What broad spectrum drug produced by Streptomyces penetrates body tissues well and are effective against intracellular rickettsias and chlamydias | back 56 Tetracyclines |
front 57 Can suppress the normal flora and cause superinfections. Not advised for children due to brownish discoloration of teeth or for pregnant women (possible liver damage) | back 57 Tetracyclines |
front 58 What glycopeptide is the important "last line" against antibiotic resistant S. aureus | back 58 Vancomycin |
front 59 All antibiotic resistance is though the ______ | back 59 Plasmid - double stranded DNA in the plasma |
front 60 Which type of penicillin can only be injected because it is destroyed by stomach acid? | back 60 Penicillin G |
front 61 Which type of penicillin can be administered orally or by injection? | back 61 Penicillin V |
front 62 Which are the natural penicillin? | back 62 Penicillin G and V |
front 63 What advantage does semisynthetic penicillin have over natural penicillin? | back 63 It is resistant to penicillinase and has an extended spectrum |
front 64 Which is natural from mold and is the choice for Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp? | back 64 Natural penicillin |
front 65 Which is more resistant to penicillinase and Methicillin resistant - Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | back 65 Semisynthetic penicillin |
front 66 What does the b lactam ring do? | back 66 prevents cell wall making |
front 67 What does penicillinase do? | back 67 breaks the ring and makes penicillin inactive |
front 68 What is the common core of penicillin | back 68 b lactam ring |
front 69 What are the same as b lactinase inhibitors? | back 69 carbapenems and monobactam |
front 70 what are the inhibitors of cell wall synthesis? | back 70 Penicillin - penicillinase-resistant penicillins extended spectrum penicillins penicillins - b lactamase inhibitors carbapenems monobactam |