front 1 What is the length of the testis? | back 1 3-5 cm |
front 2 What is the width of the testis? | back 2 2-3 cm |
front 3 What is the volume of the testis | back 3 25 ml |
front 4 Which gene determines sex? | back 4 Y |
front 5 What what age do embryos look the same? | back 5 up to 8 weeks |
front 6 what drives structural changes? | back 6 hormones |
front 7 Where do the testes develop? | back 7 near the kidneys |
front 8 At what time do the testes descend? | back 8 7 months (28 weeks) |
front 9 where do the testis drop? | back 9 through the inguinal canal into the scrotum |
front 10 Name the 2 parts of the testis | back 10 outer sac |
front 11 Name the external genitalia | back 11 scrotum |
front 12 name the internal genitalia | back 12 prostate |
front 13 Explain the layers of the scrotum from out to in | back 13 ![]() skin |
front 14 what does the external spermatic fascia cover? | back 14 the cremaster muscle |
front 15 explain the significance of the tunica vaginalis | back 15 it is an double walled covering with a visceral and parietal layer |
front 16 What type of gland is the testi? | back 16 endocrine - testosterone |
front 17 what is the outer coat of the testis | back 17 ![]() tunica albuginea |
front 18 what does the tunica albuginea form? | back 18 extends into the testi to form the mediastinum |
front 19 What is the mediastinum testis? | back 19 formed from the extension of the tunica albuginea the mediastinum testis radiates into the testi to form 200-300 lobules containing seminiferous tubules |
front 20 what is the function of seminiferous tubules | back 20 ![]() spermatogenesis |
front 21 explain the path of sperm after leaving the seminiferous tubules | back 21 straight tubules |
front 22 What arteries supply the testis? | back 22 testicular arteries off the aorta |
front 23 what veins drain the testis? | back 23 ![]() pampiniform plexus |
front 24 Describe the shape of the epididymis | back 24 ![]() comma shape |
front 25 How long is the epididymis tube? | back 25 20 feet |
front 26 Which part of the epididymis is the largest? | back 26 head |
front 27 Where does the head lie | back 27 ![]() most superior |
front 28 where does the body of the epididymis lie? | back 28 ![]() extends along the posterior aspect |
front 29 Where is the tail of the epididymis | back 29 ![]() thinnest most inferior part |
front 30 What is problematic of the inguinal canal? | back 30 ![]() tends to be weak |
front 31 What is the spermatic cord composed of? | back 31 vas deferens |
front 32 What is the function of the cremaster muscle? | back 32 temperature regulation |
front 33 Seminal vesicles VS seminiferous tubules | back 33 seminiferous tubules - spermatogenous |
front 34 What is the function of the vas deferens? | back 34 connect the tail of the epididymis to the prostate |
front 35 How long is the vas deferens? | back 35 18 inches |
front 36 Explain the route of the vas deferens. | back 36 ![]() travels through the inguinal canal dilates distally to form the ampulla of deferens joins the seminal vesicles |
front 37 What does the epididymis consist of? | back 37 3 smooth muscles |
front 38 what is the ampulla of deferens | back 38 ![]() dilation of the vas deferens just before it enters the prostate |
front 39 What is the ejactlatory duct? | back 39 ![]() vas deferens joins the seminal vesicles |
front 40 What is the function of the seminal vesicles? | back 40 secretes 60% of seminal fluid |
front 41 What is the function of the prostate? | back 41 produces 30 % of seminal fluid |
front 42 what is the shape of the prostate? | back 42 cone shaped |
front 43 What does the Prostate consist of? | back 43 various regions and zones |
front 44 levator ani muscles | back 44 ![]() pelvic floor muscles |
front 45 What is the prostate urethra? | back 45 part of the urethra that runs through the prostate |
front 46 bulbourethral gland | back 46 ![]() 5% of seminal fluid |
front 47 What is the Cowper’s Gland? | back 47 another name for bulbourethral gland |
front 48 Seminal Fluid | back 48 60% seminal vesicles |
front 49 Appearance of the prostate | back 49 hetergenous |
front 50 What are the regions of the prostate? | back 50 ![]() veramontanum - prostatic portion of the urethra where the seminal
ducts enter |
front 51 What is the penis consist of? | back 51 3 cylinder masses |
front 52 Where does the urethra run through the penis? | back 52 within the posterior spongiosum |
front 53 what bounds and divided the the three cylinder masses of the penis | back 53 ![]() tunica albuginea |
front 54 What type of blood engorges penis during erection | back 54 venous blood |
front 55 Explain the flow of penile arteries | back 55 internal iliacs |
front 56 Explain venous flow of the penis | back 56 superficial and deep dorsal vein |
front 57 ![]() | back 57 no data |
front 58 What do Reproduction organs begin from? | back 58 2 urogenital folds |
front 59 What does the urogenital folds consist of? | back 59
|
front 60 What does the mesonephos develop into | back 60
|
front 61 What does the gonad develop into | back 61
|
front 62 What does the paramesonephric duct develop into? | back 62 female genitalia
|
front 63 What does the mesonephric duct develop into? | back 63 male genitalia
|
front 64 What is the wolfian duct | back 64 mesonephric duct |
front 65 What is the mullerian duct | back 65 paramesonephric duct |
front 66 Which gender has mullerian and wolfian ducts? | back 66 both |
front 67 What is the sonographic appearance of the scrotum & testes? | back 67 homogeneous medium level echoes bilaterally equal in size echogenic midline epididymis superior posteriorly to the testicle slightly more echogenic more course texture Blood flow is evident on color Doppler through out the parenchyma |
front 68 What transducer should be used on a scrotal exam? | back 68 5 - 7 MHz Linear transducer |
front 69 What should the patient be dressed during a scrotal exam? | back 69 maintain patient dignity |
front 70 What techniques should be used during a scrotal exam? | back 70 place towel under testis for support |
front 71 What are the required images for a scrotal exam? | back 71
upper mid mid with measurement lower
med mid mid with measurement lateral
|
front 72 What are the reasons for a scrotal scan? | back 72 R?O torsion trauma pain size change nodularity on physical exam possible varicocele R/O Hernia locate undescended testicle F/U Hydrocele inflamation infection |
front 73 At what age do the testicle descend into the sac? | back 73 28 weeks |
front 74 What drives the descent of the testicles? | back 74 gonatrophins |
front 75 What happens if the testicles do not descend? | back 75 orchiopexy surgery to correct |
front 76 What is the medical intervention for a hematoma on a testicle? | back 76 let it heal on its own |
front 77 What happens if a testicle gets ruptured? | back 77 medical emergency within 72 hours the testicle can be saved |
front 78 What is the sonographic appearance of a epididymal cyst? | back 78 hypoechoic |
front 79 What is a spermatic cyst? | back 79 AKA epididymal cyst |
front 80 What is a spermatocele? | back 80 AKA epididymal cyst |
front 81 What causes a epididymal cyst? | back 81 obstruction of efferent ductile old sperm |
front 82 How dangerous are the large epididymal cyst? | back 82 usually benign |
front 83 How dangerous are the small rigid epididymal cyst? | back 83 cause a lot of pain |
front 84 What is the normal epididymal A/P measurement? | back 84 8 mm |
front 85 What is the normal skin measurement of the skin surrounding the testicle? | back 85 2 mm |
front 86 What is epididymitis? | back 86 inflammation of the epididymis |
front 87 What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain and tenderness? | back 87 epididymitis |
front 88 What is the treatment for epididymitis? | back 88 responds well to antibiotics |
front 89 What is the presentation of epididymitis? | back 89 fever painful urination |
front 90 What is the sonographic appearance of epididymitis? | back 90 enlarged epididymis (more than 8 mm) increased flow |
front 91 What is orchitis? | back 91 inflammation of a testicle complication of epididymitis |
front 92 What is the sonographic appearance of orchitis? | back 92 heterogenius hyperechoic reactive hydrocele |
front 93 What is the presentation of orchitis? | back 93 elevated WBC enlarged skin thickening |
front 94 What is a bell clapper? | back 94 narrow or absent bare area of the testicle tunica albuginea closes all the way around testicle |
front 95 What is the problem with a bell clapper? | back 95 when tunica albuginea closes all the way or most of the way there is no bare area and no place for the testicle to attach to scrotal wall |
front 96 What is the common age for testicular torsion? | back 96 12 - 18 |
front 97 What is the peak age for testicular torsion? | back 97 13 |
front 98 What is testicular torsion? | back 98 testicle twists blocks blood flow congenital |
front 99 What is the sonographic appearance of testicular torsion? | back 99 No flow contralateral to normal enlarged hypoechoic |
front 100 What happens when a patient has testicular torsion? | back 100 24 hours emergency will become necrotic after 24 hours |
front 101 What is hydrocele? | back 101 accumulation of serous fluid between the tunica vaginalis |
front 102 What is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling? | back 102 hydrocele |
front 103 What is congenital hydrocele? | back 103 vaginalis usually closes after testis descend if open fluid can leak into scrotum |
front 104 What is acquired hydrocele? | back 104 abdominal secretions leak through |
front 105 What happens to congenital hydrocele? | back 105 by 24 months usually resides |
front 106 What causes acquired hydrocele? | back 106 infection infarction neoplasm - 60% trauma - 25% |
front 107 What is Varicocele? | back 107 abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum |
front 108 What is the sonographic appearance of varicocele? | back 108 pampiniform plexus larger than 2 mm pampiniform usually not seen in U/S |
front 109 What side is a varicocele on? | back 109 left because left spermatic cord drains into the left renal vein and causes reverse flow when valves are not created |
front 110 What causes 40% of infertility in men? | back 110 varicocele |
front 111 What is the biggest problem with varicocele? | back 111 increased flow causes testis to get to HOT and cause infertility |
front 112 What are techniques to prove varicocele? | back 112 ask the patient to take a deep breath or stand and pampiniform should dilate |
front 113 What is a scrotal hernia? | back 113 bowel comes through when older men get loose |
front 114 What is the sonographic appearance of varicocele? | back 114 bowel in the scrotum peristalsis |
front 115 What is testicular microlithiasis? | back 115 tiny micro fications without shadow |
front 116 What is the sonographic appearance of testicular microlithiasis? | back 116 tiny micro fications without shadow |
front 117 What does testicular microlithiasis cause? | back 117 infertility precursor for testicular cancer |
front 118 Names the solid malignant masses. | back 118 seminoma embryonal cell carcinoma yolk sac tumors teratomas |
front 119 What make up 95% of all testicular tumors? | back 119 germ cell tumors |
front 120 What is a germ cell tumor? | back 120 highly malignant tumor associated with elevated AFP elevated HGC |
front 121 What is AFP? | back 121 alpha fetal proteins |
front 122 What is HCG? | back 122 human chorionic gonadotropin |
front 123 What is 40-50% of solid malignant testicular masses? | back 123 seminoma |
front 124 What is 25% of solid malignant testicular masses? | back 124 embryonal cell carcinoma |
front 125 What is 60% of solid malignant testicular masses in infants? | back 125 yolk sac tomors |
front 126 What is 5-10% of solid malignant testicular masses? | back 126 teratomas |
front 127 What is a seminoma? | back 127 Solid malignant mass generally found in 30 - 40 year olds |
front 128 What is embryonal cell carcinoma? | back 128 malignant testicular tumor less common but more aggressive |
front 129 What is the most common germ cell tumor in infants? | back 129 yolk sac tumors |
front 130 What is a teratoma? | back 130 malignant testicular tumor in adults *generally benign in children |
front 131 What is the sonographic appearance of a seminoma? | back 131 hypoechoic single mass |
front 132 How sensitive is ultrasound in diagnosing testicular tumors? | back 132 100% |
front 133 Where are most malignant testicular masses found? | back 133 intratesticular |
front 134 Where are most benign testicular masses found? | back 134 extratesticular |