Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

134 notecards = 34 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Scrotum

front 1

What is the length of the testis?

back 1

3-5 cm

front 2

What is the width of the testis?

back 2

2-3 cm

front 3

What is the volume of the testis

back 3

25 ml

front 4

Which gene determines sex?

back 4

Y

front 5

What what age do embryos look the same?

back 5

up to 8 weeks

front 6

what drives structural changes?

back 6

hormones

boys get a testosterone bath

front 7

Where do the testes develop?

back 7

near the kidneys

front 8

At what time do the testes descend?

back 8

7 months (28 weeks)

front 9

where do the testis drop?

back 9

through the inguinal canal into the scrotum

front 10

Name the 2 parts of the testis

back 10

outer sac
internal contents

front 11

Name the external genitalia

back 11

scrotum
penis

front 12

name the internal genitalia

back 12

prostate
seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral gland
vas deferens
testes

front 13

Explain the layers of the scrotum from out to in

back 13

skin
tunica dartos
external spermatic fascia
cremaster muscle
internal spermatic fascia
tunica vaginalis X2
tunica albuginea

front 14

what does the external spermatic fascia cover?

back 14

the cremaster muscle

front 15

explain the significance of the tunica vaginalis

back 15

it is an double walled covering with a visceral and parietal layer

front 16

What type of gland is the testi?

back 16

endocrine - testosterone
exocrine - sperm

front 17

what is the outer coat of the testis

back 17

tunica albuginea

front 18

what does the tunica albuginea form?

back 18

extends into the testi to form the mediastinum

front 19

What is the mediastinum testis?

back 19

formed from the extension of the tunica albuginea the mediastinum testis radiates into the testi to form 200-300 lobules containing seminiferous tubules

front 20

what is the function of seminiferous tubules

back 20

spermatogenesis

front 21

explain the path of sperm after leaving the seminiferous tubules

back 21

straight tubules
Rete testis
efferent ducts - head epididymis

front 22

What arteries supply the testis?

back 22

testicular arteries off the aorta

front 23

what veins drain the testis?

back 23

pampiniform plexus
testicular veins
Rt - IVC
Lt - Lt renal vein

front 24

Describe the shape of the epididymis

back 24

comma shape

single long convoluted tube

front 25

How long is the epididymis tube?

back 25

20 feet
6 meters

front 26

Which part of the epididymis is the largest?

back 26

head

front 27

Where does the head lie

back 27

most superior

front 28

where does the body of the epididymis lie?

back 28

extends along the posterior aspect

front 29

Where is the tail of the epididymis

back 29

thinnest most inferior part

front 30

What is problematic of the inguinal canal?

back 30

tends to be weak
common place for hernia

front 31

What is the spermatic cord composed of?

back 31

vas deferens
arteries
veins
nerves
lymphatics
cremaster muscle

front 32

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

back 32

temperature regulation

front 33

Seminal vesicles VS seminiferous tubules

back 33

seminiferous tubules - spermatogenous
Seminal vesicles -

front 34

What is the function of the vas deferens?

back 34

connect the tail of the epididymis to the prostate

front 35

How long is the vas deferens?

back 35

18 inches

front 36

Explain the route of the vas deferens.

back 36

travels through the inguinal canal
travels over the top of the pubic bone
swings around to the back side of the bladder

dilates distally to form the ampulla of deferens

joins the seminal vesicles
into the superior section of the prostate

front 37

What does the epididymis consist of?

back 37

3 smooth muscles

front 38

what is the ampulla of deferens

back 38

dilation of the vas deferens just before it enters the prostate

front 39

What is the ejactlatory duct?

back 39

vas deferens joins the seminal vesicles

front 40

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

back 40

secretes 60% of seminal fluid

front 41

What is the function of the prostate?

back 41

produces 30 % of seminal fluid

front 42

what is the shape of the prostate?

back 42

cone shaped

base and apex

front 43

What does the Prostate consist of?

back 43

various regions and zones

front 44

levator ani muscles

back 44

pelvic floor muscles

front 45

What is the prostate urethra?

back 45

part of the urethra that runs through the prostate

front 46

bulbourethral gland

back 46

5% of seminal fluid

clear and thick lubricant;
flushing agent that washes out the urethra

front 47

What is the Cowper’s Gland?

back 47

another name for bulbourethral gland

front 48

Seminal Fluid

back 48

60% seminal vesicles
30% prostate
5% bulbourethral gland

front 49

Appearance of the prostate

back 49

hetergenous

front 50

What are the regions of the prostate?

back 50

veramontanum - prostatic portion of the urethra where the seminal ducts enter

Peripheral zone (PZ)

Central zone (CZ)

Transition zone (TZ)

fibromuscular zone (or stroma)

periurethral zone

front 51

What is the penis consist of?

back 51

3 cylinder masses

2 corpus cavernosum
1 corpus spongiosum

front 52

Where does the urethra run through the penis?

back 52

within the posterior spongiosum

front 53

what bounds and divided the the three cylinder masses of the penis

back 53

tunica albuginea
buck's fascia - fibrous envelope

front 54

What type of blood engorges penis during erection

back 54

venous blood

front 55

Explain the flow of penile arteries

back 55

internal iliacs

internal pudendal

- deep artery of the penis
- corpus cavernosum

- bulbourethral artery
- corpus spongiosum , glans penis

front 56

Explain venous flow of the penis

back 56

superficial and deep dorsal vein
pudendal venous plexus
internal pudendal vein
internal iliac vein

front 57

back 57

no data

front 58

What do Reproduction organs begin from?

back 58

2 urogenital folds

front 59

What does the urogenital folds consist of?

back 59

  • gonad
  • mesonephros

front 60

What does the mesonephos develop into

back 60

  • metanephos
  • urogential sinus

front 61

What does the gonad develop into

back 61

  • mesonephric duct
  • paramesonephric duct

front 62

What does the paramesonephric duct develop into?

back 62

female genitalia

  • vagina
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes

front 63

What does the mesonephric duct develop into?

back 63

male genitalia

  • testis
  • penis

front 64

What is the wolfian duct

back 64

mesonephric duct

front 65

What is the mullerian duct

back 65

paramesonephric duct

front 66

Which gender has mullerian and wolfian ducts?

back 66

both

front 67

What is the sonographic appearance of the scrotum & testes?

back 67

homogeneous

medium level echoes

bilaterally equal in size

echogenic midline

epididymis superior posteriorly to the testicle

slightly more echogenic

more course texture

Blood flow is evident on color Doppler

through out the parenchyma

front 68

What transducer should be used on a scrotal exam?

back 68

5 - 7 MHz Linear transducer

front 69

What should the patient be dressed during a scrotal exam?

back 69

maintain patient dignity

front 70

What techniques should be used during a scrotal exam?

back 70

place towel under testis for support

front 71

What are the required images for a scrotal exam?

back 71

  • longitudinal

upper

mid

mid with measurement

lower

  • transverse

med

mid

mid with measurement

lateral

  • comparison

front 72

What are the reasons for a scrotal scan?

back 72

R?O torsion

trauma

pain

size change

nodularity on physical exam

possible varicocele

R/O Hernia

locate undescended testicle

F/U Hydrocele

inflamation

infection

front 73

At what age do the testicle descend into the sac?

back 73

28 weeks

front 74

What drives the descent of the testicles?

back 74

gonatrophins

front 75

What happens if the testicles do not descend?

back 75

orchiopexy

surgery to correct

front 76

What is the medical intervention for a hematoma on a testicle?

back 76

let it heal on its own

front 77

What happens if a testicle gets ruptured?

back 77

medical emergency

within 72 hours the testicle can be saved

front 78

What is the sonographic appearance of a epididymal cyst?

back 78

hypoechoic

front 79

What is a spermatic cyst?

back 79

AKA epididymal cyst

front 80

What is a spermatocele?

back 80

AKA epididymal cyst

front 81

What causes a epididymal cyst?

back 81

obstruction of efferent ductile

old sperm

front 82

How dangerous are the large epididymal cyst?

back 82

usually benign

front 83

How dangerous are the small rigid epididymal cyst?

back 83

cause a lot of pain

front 84

What is the normal epididymal A/P measurement?

back 84

8 mm

front 85

What is the normal skin measurement of the skin surrounding the testicle?

back 85

2 mm

front 86

What is epididymitis?

back 86

inflammation of the epididymis

front 87

What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain and tenderness?

back 87

epididymitis

front 88

What is the treatment for epididymitis?

back 88

responds well to antibiotics

front 89

What is the presentation of epididymitis?

back 89

fever

painful urination

front 90

What is the sonographic appearance of epididymitis?

back 90

enlarged epididymis (more than 8 mm)

increased flow

front 91

What is orchitis?

back 91

inflammation of a testicle

complication of epididymitis

front 92

What is the sonographic appearance of orchitis?

back 92

heterogenius

hyperechoic

reactive hydrocele

front 93

What is the presentation of orchitis?

back 93

elevated WBC

enlarged

skin thickening

front 94

What is a bell clapper?

back 94

narrow or absent bare area of the testicle

tunica albuginea closes all the way around testicle

front 95

What is the problem with a bell clapper?

back 95

when tunica albuginea closes all the way or most of the way there is no bare area and no place for the testicle to attach to scrotal wall

front 96

What is the common age for testicular torsion?

back 96

12 - 18

front 97

What is the peak age for testicular torsion?

back 97

13

front 98

What is testicular torsion?

back 98

testicle twists blocks blood flow

congenital

front 99

What is the sonographic appearance of testicular torsion?

back 99

No flow

contralateral to normal

enlarged

hypoechoic

front 100

What happens when a patient has testicular torsion?

back 100

24 hours

emergency

will become necrotic after 24 hours

front 101

What is hydrocele?

back 101

accumulation of serous fluid between the tunica vaginalis

front 102

What is the most common cause of painless scrotal swelling?

back 102

hydrocele

front 103

What is congenital hydrocele?

back 103

vaginalis usually closes after testis descend

if open fluid can leak into scrotum

front 104

What is acquired hydrocele?

back 104

abdominal secretions leak through

front 105

What happens to congenital hydrocele?

back 105

by 24 months usually resides

front 106

What causes acquired hydrocele?

back 106

infection

infarction

neoplasm - 60%

trauma - 25%

front 107

What is Varicocele?

back 107

abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum

front 108

What is the sonographic appearance of varicocele?

back 108

pampiniform plexus larger than 2 mm

pampiniform usually not seen in U/S

front 109

What side is a varicocele on?

back 109

left because left spermatic cord drains into the left renal vein and causes reverse flow when valves are not created

front 110

What causes 40% of infertility in men?

back 110

varicocele

front 111

What is the biggest problem with varicocele?

back 111

increased flow causes testis to get to HOT and cause infertility

front 112

What are techniques to prove varicocele?

back 112

ask the patient to take a deep breath

or stand and pampiniform should dilate

front 113

What is a scrotal hernia?

back 113

bowel comes through when older men get loose

front 114

What is the sonographic appearance of varicocele?

back 114

bowel in the scrotum

peristalsis

front 115

What is testicular microlithiasis?

back 115

tiny micro fications without shadow

front 116

What is the sonographic appearance of testicular microlithiasis?

back 116

tiny micro fications without shadow

front 117

What does testicular microlithiasis cause?

back 117

infertility

precursor for testicular cancer

front 118

Names the solid malignant masses.

back 118

seminoma

embryonal cell carcinoma

yolk sac tumors

teratomas

front 119

What make up 95% of all testicular tumors?

back 119

germ cell tumors

front 120

What is a germ cell tumor?

back 120

highly malignant tumor associated with

elevated AFP

elevated HGC

front 121

What is AFP?

back 121

alpha fetal proteins

front 122

What is HCG?

back 122

human chorionic gonadotropin

front 123

What is 40-50% of solid malignant testicular masses?

back 123

seminoma

front 124

What is 25% of solid malignant testicular masses?

back 124

embryonal cell carcinoma

front 125

What is 60% of solid malignant testicular masses in infants?

back 125

yolk sac tomors

front 126

What is 5-10% of solid malignant testicular masses?

back 126

teratomas

front 127

What is a seminoma?

back 127

Solid malignant mass

generally found in 30 - 40 year olds

front 128

What is embryonal cell carcinoma?

back 128

malignant testicular tumor

less common but more aggressive

front 129

What is the most common germ cell tumor in infants?

back 129

yolk sac tumors

front 130

What is a teratoma?

back 130

malignant testicular tumor in adults

*generally benign in children

front 131

What is the sonographic appearance of a seminoma?

back 131

hypoechoic

single mass

front 132

How sensitive is ultrasound in diagnosing testicular tumors?

back 132

100%

front 133

Where are most malignant testicular masses found?

back 133

intratesticular

front 134

Where are most benign testicular masses found?

back 134

extratesticular