front 1 Know the functions of the Nervous System | back 1 Sensory input,integration and motor output |
front 2 what is sensory input | back 2 Sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside te body |
front 3 What is integration | back 3 processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment |
front 4 What is Motor ouput | back 4 effects or causes a response by activating muscles or gland called effectors. |
front 5 Know the division of the Nervous System and what each is responsible for | back 5 Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System |
front 6 What is the Peripheral Nervous System | back 6 Consist of mainly nerves and extends from the brain to the spinal cord |
front 7 What is the Central Nervous System | back 7 The brain and the spinal cord which it interpret incoming sensory information. |
front 8 Where is the Central Nervous system located | back 8 The dorsal body cavity |
front 9 Where is the Peripheral Nervous system located | back 9 Outside the central nervous system |
front 10 Classify the nerves by functions | back 10 Sensory or afferent Motor or efferent interneuron or association |
front 11 What is a sensory or afferent neuron | back 11 Consist of nerves composed of fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors. |
front 12 What is motor or efferent | back 12 carries impulses from the central nervous system to effector organs which are the muscles and glands. |
front 13 What is Interneuron or association | back 13 connect motor and sensory neurons in neutral pathways. Their cell bodys are located in the CNS or central nervous system. |
front 14 What are the main brain regions? | back 14 Corpus Callosum,thalamus,frontal lobe,diencephalon |
front 15 What does the Corpus Callosum do? | back 15 connects the cerebral hemisphere it arches above the structures of the brain stem and allows the cerebral hemisphere to communicate with one another.communication highway between the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
front 16 What does that thalamus do? | back 16 it encloses the shallow third ventricle of the brain. is a relay station for sensory impulses passing upwards to the sensory cortex. |
front 17 What is the function of the frontal lobe | back 17 control skeletal muscles,thoughts and personality |
front 18 What is the function of the diencephalon or interbrain | back 18 the part of the forebrain between the central hemisphere and the midbrain including the thalamus the third ventricle and the hypothalmus. |
front 19 what does hypothalmus control | back 19 regulation of body tempature,water balance and thirst,appetite,sex drive,pleasure and pain centers and the pituitary gland. |
front 20 What happens in a resting membrane | back 20 Electrically charged membrane ready to send an impulse cause and maintained by 3 things.Passive ion channels are always open ,potassium leaves cell and sodium and potassium pump maintains ion concentration in cell. Cell membrane is positive on the outside cell with more sodium and negative on the inside of cell with more potassium. |
front 21 what happens to the depolarization of a membrane | back 21 a change in the resting membrane potential caused by sodium entering the cell graded potential and action potential. |
front 22 what happens to repolarization | back 22 all events required to reset cell membrane for next impulse |
front 23 what are the different types of ion channels | back 23 passive are leaky to potassium and sodium, chemically gated and voltage gated. |
front 24 What are the different nerve cell regions | back 24 Dendrites, cell body,axon hillock, axon, axon terminal and synapse |
front 25 what is a dendrite | back 25 branching extensions of neurons that carry electrical signals to the cell body the receptive portion of a nerve cell |
front 26 what is a cell body | back 26 the metabolic center of the neuron its transparent nucleus contains conspicuous nucleous. |
front 27 what is the axon hillock | back 27 the cone like region of the cell body from which the axon arises |
front 28 what is axon | back 28 neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body; efferent process, the conducting portion of a nerve cell. each neuron has only one axon. |
front 29 what is the axon terminal | back 29 absolute end of nerve containing neurotransmitters; may be thousands on one nerve due to branching |
front 30 What is synapse or synaptic cleft | back 30 tiny gap that seperates the axon terminal of one neuron from the dendrite terminal of the next neuron. |
front 31 Do neurons touch each other | back 31 no each axon terminal is seperated by a synapes. |
front 32 what are the events of a synapse | back 32 action potential arrives at the end of the neuron a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and nerve tissue are released to synapse nerve tissue binds to receptors on receiving cell membrane ion channels opens causing depolarization of the next neuron. ion channel closes and gets ready for the next impulse. |
front 33 What are the layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord | back 33 Meninges,dura mater arachnoid mater,pia mater |
front 34 what is meninges | back 34 connective tissue membranes covering the brain and spinal cord |
front 35 what layer is the dura mater of the CNS protection | back 35 the outer layer |
front 36 what layer is the arachnoid mater | back 36 it is the middle layer and is web like a cob web it has threadlike extensions |
front 37 what is pia mater | back 37 like gentle mother clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord following every fold. |
front 38 what is limbic system | back 38 emotional brain composed of parts of cerebrum and hypothalamus that controls emotional responses |
front 39 What is Csf | back 39 cerebrospinal fluid is a watery cushion for brain and spinal cord |
front 40 where is Choroid Plexus located | back 40 roof of the brain ventricles and makes CSF. |
front 41 What does plasma from the blood filtered to make what? | back 41 CSF |
front 42 where is CSF found? | back 42 brain ventricles and outside brain and spinal cord. |
front 43 what is the difference between ascending and descending tracts | back 43 ascending carry sensory information toward the brain. decending convey motor command to the spinal cord. |
front 44 What is accending tract do? | back 44 carrys sensory information towards the brain |
front 45 what does decending tract do | back 45 conveys motor command to the spinal cord |
front 46 name all the cranial nerves | back 46 olfactory,optic,oculomotor,trochlear,trigeminal,abducens,facial,vestibulocochlear,glossopharyngeal,vagus,accessory,hypoglossalq |
front 47 What is the function of olfactory nerve | back 47 purely sensory, carries impulses for the sense of smell |
front 48 What is the function of the optic nerve | back 48 purely sensory, carries impulses for vision |
front 49 what is the function of oculomotor nerve | back 49 supplies motor fibers to four of the six muscles that direct the eyeball to the eye lid and to the internal eye muscles controlling lens shape and pupil size |
front 50 what is the function of the trochlear nerve | back 50 supplies motor fibers for one external eye muscle superior oblique |
front 51 what is the function of trigeminal nerve | back 51 conducts sensory impulses from the skin of the face and mucosa of the nose and mouth, also contains motor fibers that activate the chewing muscles |
front 52 what is the function of abducens nerve | back 52 supplies motor fibers to the lateral rectus musle which rolls the eye laterally |
front 53 what is the function of the facial nerve | back 53 activates the muscles of facial expression and the lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory impulses from the taste buds of anterior tongue |
front 54 what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve | back 54 purely sensory,vestibular branch transmits impulses for the sense of balance and cochlear branch transmits impulses for the sens of hearing |
front 55 What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve | back 55 supplies motor fibers to the pharynx throat that promotes swallowing and saliva production carries sensory impulses from taste buds of the posterior tongue and from the pressure receptors of the carotid artery |
front 56 what is the function of the vagus nerve | back 56 fibers carry sensory impulses from tand motor impulses to the pharynx,larynx and the abodminal and thoracic viscera;most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that promote digestive activity and help regulate heart activity |
front 57 what is the function of the accessory nerve | back 57 mostly motor fibers that activate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle |
front 58 what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve | back 58 motor fibers control tongue movements; sensory fibers carry impulses from the tongue |
front 59 what is the anatomy and physiology of the spinal nerve | back 59 all has nerves that are mixed with sensory and motor |
front 60 What are each of the connective tissues coverings around the neuron,fascicle(bundle of nerves)and entire nerve | back 60 Endoneurium,perineurium,epineurium combined they form the cordlike nerve. |
front 61 What is a Endoneurium | back 61 a layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each myelinated nerve fiber |
front 62 What is perineurium | back 62 bundled together groups of fascicles or fibers tissue wrapping it is composed of connective tissue. |
front 63 what is epineurium | back 63 several fascicles bundled together with a blood supply of a tough fibrous sheath to form the cordlike nerve. |
front 64 are spinal nerves mixed, sensory or motor | back 64 mixed |
front 65 how pairs are there of spinal nerves | back 65 31 pairs and 62 total. |
front 66 how many pairs of cranial nerves are there | back 66 12 pair of cranial nerves and 24 total |
front 67 is afferent a sensory or motor nerve | back 67 Sensory |
front 68 is Efferent sensory or motor nerve | back 68 Motor it is how are we going to respond |
front 69 what is grey matter | back 69 it is unmyelated consist of mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites. |
front 70 What is white matter | back 70 it is myleated consist of mainly nerve fibers. |
front 71 What is the connective tissue coverings around the neuron, fascicle and entire nerve | back 71 Endoneurium,perineurium,and epieurium |
front 72 know the components of a reflex arc and the order in which they respond | back 72 1: receptor, 2: sensory neurons 3: ,intergration center or interneuron,4: motor neuron, 5: effectors. |
front 73 What is muscles is part of the parasympathetic system | back 73 smooth muscles and glands |
front 74 what muscles is part of the sympathetic system | back 74 skeletal |
front 75 Which division of the ANS is responsible a rapid heart rate and increased sweating when a person is scared or frightened | back 75 Sympathetic division of the ANS |
front 76 Which division of the ANS is referred to as the "fight or flight" division | back 76 The Sympathetic Division of the ANS |
front 77 This division controls increased activity of the digestive tract while decreasing respiratory rate. | back 77 Parasympathetic division of the ANS |
front 78 Neurons of which division of the ANS release acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that binds to smooth muscle | back 78 Parasympathetic division of the ANS |
front 79 What is the neurotransmitter released by neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS | back 79 norepinephrine or epinephrine (both will be accepted) |
front 80 This structure connects the cerebral hemispheres and allows for communication between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum | back 80 The Corpus Callosum |
front 81 Which region of the brain control the regulation of body temperature, thirst, hunger, and emotions? | back 81 Hypothalamus |
front 82 The outermost layer spinal meninges is the tough, fibrous layer known as the | back 82 Dura Mater |
front 83 What structure regulates heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure? | back 83 Medulla Oblongata |
front 84 Which area of the brain relays sensory inputs to the proper location in the cerebrum for interpretation | back 84 Thalamus |
front 85 When impulses are sent away from the brain and spinal cord, the impulses are carried by what type of neuron? | back 85 Efferent neurons or Motor |
front 86 What region of the cell receives the impulse from the previous neuron? | back 86 Dendrite |
front 87 Depolarization causes what type of ion channel to open at the axon hillock? | back 87 Voltage-Gated Ion Channels |
front 88 When a neurotransmitter attaches to the ion channel on the cell membrane surface, what type of ion channel does it attach to | back 88 chemically gated ion channels |
front 89 When a cell depolarizes, what is it due to? | back 89 sodium entering the cell |
front 90 Which of the following is true of all spinal nerves, are motor nerves, sensory nerves, or mixed nerve | back 90 Mixed Nerves |
front 91 Where do sensory impulses enter the spinal cord? | back 91 Dorsal Root of the Spinal Cord |
front 92 How do motor impulses leave the spinal cord? | back 92 Ventral root of the spinal nerve |
front 93 In the spinal cord, how are sensory impulses sent to the brain | back 93 Ascending Tracts |
front 94 Motor commands for skeletal muscle contractions of the arms and legs are sent back from the brain through what portion of the spinal cord? | back 94 The descending tracts of the spinal cord |
front 95 What is the vision nerve? | back 95 Optic Nerve |
front 96 What is the nerve for smell? | back 96 Olfactory Nerve |
front 97 What is the nerve that controls the muscles that turn the head right and left, and raise the shoulders | back 97 Accessory Nerve |
front 98 What is the nerve that send impulses from the ears about sound and equilibrium | back 98 Vestibulocochlear nerve |
front 99 What are the three nerves that cause eyeball movements? | back 99 Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens nerves |
front 100 What is the gap between two communicating neurons known as? | back 100 a synapse |
front 101 events at a synapes | back 101 action potential arrives at the end of the neuron a vesicle which contains sodium fuses with cell membrane and sodium are released to synapse. Sodium binds to receptors on receiving cell membrane ion channels opens causing depolarization of the next neuron ion channel closes and get read for next impulse. |
front 102 neuron impulse | back 102 chemical gate opens on cell membrane depolarization occurs sodium enters through chemical gates area of depolarization spreads to axon hillock voltage gates open at axon hillock generates action potential successive voltage gates open down the axon propagates an action potential. |
front 103 Frontal lobe | back 103 Motor skills,expressive language |
front 104 Parietal lobe | back 104 Process sensory inform pressure touch or pain |
front 105 Temporal lobe | back 105 Bottom section primarily auditory |
front 106 Occipital lobe | back 106 Back of brain visual stimuli |