front 1 The amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations is affected by ________. | back 1 all of these – nature of the surface material – design of structures – intensity and duration of the vibrations |
front 2 ________ is a major dissolved volatile constituent in both magmas and volcanic gases. | back 2 Water |
front 3 Which one of the following is true regarding tsunamis? | back 3 They occur in the open ocean, wavelengths are many miles or kilometers and wave heights are only a few feet. |
front 4 A transform fault is ________. | back 4 a strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between tectonic plates |
front 5 Which of the following statements best describes the big Hawaiian volcanoes? | back 5 are situated in the interior of a large, Pacific plate above a hot spot deep in the mantle |
front 6 Cinder cones ________. | back 6 all of these – have very steep slopes – consist largely of pyroclastics – are usually less than 300 meters (1000 feet) high |
front 7 In a normal fault ________. | back 7 the hanging wall block above an inclined fault plane moves downward relative to the other block |
front 8 When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source. The source is also referred to as the ________. | back 8 focus |
front 9 On a typical seismogram, ________ will show the highest amplitudes. | back 9 surface waves |
front 10 Large circular downwarped structures are called ________. | back 10 basins |
front 11 A ________ volcano is a very large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows. | back 11 shield |
front 12 Major earthquakes are often followed by somewhat smaller events known as ________. | back 12 aftershocks |
front 13 Which one of the following statements concerning cinder cones is false? | back 13 The cinders and other pyroclastic particles are consolidated into welded tuff. |
front 14 The concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance is known as ________. | back 14 isostasy |
front 15 Deep ocean trenches are surficial evidence for ________. | back 15 sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at a subduction zone |
front 16 The ________ in California is the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. | back 16 San Andreas strike-slip fault |
front 17 ________ are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism. | back 17 Water and carbon dioxide |
front 18 Which of the following factors help determine whether a volcanic eruption will be violent or relatively quiescent? | back 18 all of these – composition of the magma – amount of dissolved gas in the magma – temperature of the magma |
front 19 Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive? | back 19 eruptions of big, continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes |
front 20 The term ________ refers specifically to geologic mountain building. | back 20 orogenesis |
front 21 Cooler, older, oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at ________. | back 21 subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries |
front 22 Magma tends to rise toward Earth's surface principally because ________. | back 22 rocks become less dense when they melt |
front 23 P waves ________. | back 23 are faster than S waves and surface waves |
front 24 What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, Oregon? When did they take place? | back 24 Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions 6000 years ago. |
front 25 A typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is ________. | back 25 2 centimeters per year |
front 26 The record of an earthquake obtained from a seismic instrument is a(n) ________. | back 26 seismograph |
front 27 The mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy in the form of an earthquake is termed ________. | back 27 elastic rebound |
front 28 Overall, this type of seismic wave is the most destructive. | back 28 surface wave |
front 29 Which of the following is NOT considered pyroclastic debris? | back 29 pahoehoe |
front 30 ________ magma is the most abundant type erupted on Earth. | back 30 Basaltic |
front 31 ________ have the highest velocities. | back 31 Primary waves |
front 32 The position on Earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called the ________. | back 32 epicenter |
front 33 The ________ earthquake was accompanied by extensive fire damage. | back 33 San Francisco, 1906 |
front 34 A syncline is ________. | back 34 a fold in which the strata dip toward the axis |
front 35 In 1980, ________ was the first Cascade Range volcano to erupt since Mt. Lassen in 1915-16. | back 35 Mt. St. Helens |
front 36 The ________ magnitude scale is a measure of the energy released. It does not directly measure the extent of building damage. | back 36 Richter |
front 37 The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the ________. | back 37 amplitude of the largest seismic wave |
front 38 All of the following are evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics except for ________. | back 38 changes in the Moon's orbit due to shifting plates |
front 39 The elastic rebound theory for the origin of earthquakes was first proposed by ________ following the ________ earthquake. | back 39 Reid; 1906, San Francisco |
front 40 The 1943 eruption of Paricutin in Mexico was characterized by ________. | back 40 cinder cone building and basaltic lava |
front 41 Which one of the following best describes volcanism in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States? | back 41 related to plate subduction |
front 42 The Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of a(n) ________. | back 42 dome |
front 43 Kilauea and Mauna Loa are ________. | back 43 basaltic shield volcanoes |
front 44 The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the ________. | back 44 arrival times of P and S waves |
front 45 Most of the active volcanoes on Earth are located in a belt known as the ________. | back 45 Ring of Fire |
front 46 Most of our knowledge about Earth's interior comes from ________. | back 46 seismic waves |
front 47 Folded limestones that occur high in the Himalayas were originally deposited as sediments in a ________. | back 47 marine basin between India and Eurasia |
front 48 ________ is the maximum possible damage designation on the Mercalli scale. | back 48 XII |
front 49 New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________. | back 49 divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma |
front 50 Which one of the following statements is correct? | back 50 S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids. |
front 51 Which of the following combinations should favor folding rather than faulting? | back 51 high temperature and high confining pressure |
front 52 Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes? | back 52 the circum-Pacific area |
front 53 Which statement about the May, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens is false? | back 53 During the eruptive period, the mountain peak was substantially built up by new lava flows and pyroclastic debris. |
front 54 Pull-apart rift zones are generally associated with a ________ plate boundary. | back 54 divergent |
front 55 The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision. | back 55 northward movement of India into Eurasia |