Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

66 notecards = 17 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Chapter 6

front 1

What is an orderly and permanent increase in the mass of protoplasm of an organism or population?

back 1

Growth

front 2

What is "orderly" growth?

back 2

A proportionate increase in all constituents

front 3

What is microbial growth?

back 3

An increase in the number of cells, not cell size

front 4

What is an increase in the number of individuals and can be independent of growth?

back 4

Reproduction: cells may grow without reproducing or may reproduce without growth

front 5

The lowest temperature where growth occurs?

back 5

Minimum temperature

front 6

The best temperature where growth occurs?

back 6

Optimum temperature

front 7

The highest temperature where growth occurs?

back 7

Maximum temperature

front 8

Which organisms are "cold-loving" with a growth temperature of 0 to 20 degrees Celsius and an optimum growth at 15 degrees Celsius?

back 8

Psychrophiles

front 9

What are mesophiles?

back 9

Organisms that are "middle-loving" and grow at 20 to 45 degrees Celsius and have optimum growth at 20 to 37 degrees Celsius.

front 10

Which organisms are "heat-loving" and grow at 37 to 65 degrees Celsius?

back 10

Thermophiles

front 11

Most bacteria grow in what range of pH?

back 11

6.5 to 7.5 (same as human levels)

front 12

What is the optimum pH for acidophiles?

back 12

0 to 5.5

front 13

What is the optimum pH for basophiles?

back 13

8.5 to 11.5

front 14

What can cause organisms to change the culture media to toxic due to pH change?

back 14

Their own waste products (generally acidic)

front 15

Which environment increases salt or sugar, cause plasmolysis?

back 15

Hypertonic

front 16

Which type of halophiles REQUIRE high osmotic pressure?

back 16

Extreme or obligate halophiles

front 17

Which type of halophiles TOLERATE high osmotic pressure?

back 17

Facultative

front 18

What are the environmental factors impacting growth?

back 18

Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and chemicals

front 19

True or False: Obligate aerobes can live without oxygen.

back 19

False

front 20

Facultative anaerobes can grow...

back 20

with or without oxygen

front 21

Obligate anaerobes...

back 21

cannot live with oxygen

front 22

Aerotolerant anaerobes...

back 22

tolerate oxygen

front 23

Microaerophiles

back 23

need less oxygen and more carbon dioxide

front 24

When oxygen becomes toxic an enzyme is needed to convert the very toxic, free radical to get rid of hydrogen peroxide. Explain which enzyme is used to remove peroxide

back 24

superoxide dismutase removes H2O2 to make H20 AND O2

catalase removes H2O2 to make 2 H20 AND O2

peroxidase removes H202 to make 2 H2O

*PEROXISOME makes and gets rid of H2O2

front 25

What are the chemical requirements for growth?

back 25

Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus

front 26

Cells are what percentage water?

back 26

80 to 90%

front 27

What are trace elements and name them?

back 27

Inorganic elements required in small amounts and usually enzyme cofactors - Iron, manganese, magnesium and vitamins

front 28

What is an example of an autotroph? Why?

back 28

Plants - they use CO2 but they can make it for themselves

front 29

What is a chemoheterotroph?

back 29

Organisms that use organic carbon sources; such as humans and fungi.

front 30

Which chemicals can be limiting factors in growth?

back 30

Nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus (NSP to remember)

front 31

Most organisms can produce more energy when growing in oxygen but what are the risks?

back 31

Toxic byproducts of oxygen can be fatal to cells

front 32

What must aerobes, faculative anaerobes and aerotolerant have in order to deal with toxic byproducts?

back 32

superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase

front 33

Obligate aerobes...

back 33

cannot live WITHOUT oxygen (O2)

front 34

Faculative anaerobes...

back 34

Can live WITH orWITHOUT oxygen

front 35

Obligate anaerobes...

back 35

cannot live WITH oxygen

front 36

Aerotolerant anaerobes...

back 36

TOLERATE oxygen

front 37

Microaerophiles...

back 37

Require oxygen but can only grow at low oxygen tension - they need less oxygen and more CO2

front 38

What are toxic forms of oxygen?

back 38

Singlet oxygen: O2 boosted to a higher-energy state, extremely reactive

Superoxide free radicals: O2- (VERY TOXIC)

Peroxide anion (O2)2-

front 39

Which enzyme gets rid of superoxide free radicals?

back 39

superoxide dismutase

front 40

Which enzyme(s) gets rid of peroxide anion?

back 40

catalase and peroxidase

front 41

What is inoculum?

back 41

The introduction of microbes into a medium

front 42

What is a culture?

back 42

Microbes growing in/on culture medium.

front 43

What is a culture medium?

back 43

Nutrients prepared for microbial growth.

front 44

What does sterile mean?

back 44

No living microbes

front 45

What is a pure culture?

back 45

A culture coming from an isolated colony on a plate containing only one colony type

front 46

In what type of culture are most microorganisms found?

back 46

mixed culture

front 47

What is a synthetic or defined medium?

back 47

A medium made of known amounts of chemicals

front 48

What is a complex medium?

back 48

A medium made of some ingredients are of unknown composition or amount (extracts of plants, yeast or meat). Examples would be: nutrient broth or tryptic soy broth

front 49

What is agar?

back 49

A solidifying agent for culture media in Petri plates, slants and deeps. A complex polysaccharide made from red algae. It is generally not metabolized by microbes (microbes cannot degrade it so it remains solid). However, it liquefies at 100C and solidifies at -40C.

front 50

What percentage of agar is used for a solid media?

back 50

1.5%

front 51

What percentage of agar is used for a semi-solid media and why are semi-solid media used?

back 51

0.5% and it is used for motility studies

front 52

What percentage of agar is used for liquid media?

back 52

0 (no agar)

front 53

What is blood agar?

back 53

a differential medium containing red blood cells

front 54

What is MacConkey agar?

back 54

a specialized bacterial growth medium that is selective for Gram-negative bacteria and can differentiate those Gram- bacteria that are able to ferment lactose.

front 55

What is a selective medium?

back 55

A medium that encourages the growth of certain organisms while discouraging the growth of others

front 56

What is a differential medium?

back 56

A medium that distinguishes between different groups of bacteria

front 57

What is generation time?

back 57

The time required for cells to divide (and thus double the population), can be as short as 20 minutes or longer than a day.

front 58

If a single bacterium reproduced every 30 minutes, how many would there be in 2 hours?

back 58

16

1_2_4_8_16

front 59

What are the phases of the growth curve?

back 59

1. Lag

2. Log

3. Stationary

4. Death

front 60

Describe the lag phase.

back 60

The period of little or no cell division but the cells are not dormant. There is intense metabolic activity involving synthesis of enzymes and various molecules.

front 61

What is the log phase?

back 61

Or the exponential growth phase, cellular reproduction is most active and the generation time reaches a constant minimum

front 62

Describe the stationary phase.

back 62

Eventually, the growth rate slows, the number of microbial deaths balances the number of new cells and the population stabilizes - a period of equilibrium.

front 63

What is the death phase?

back 63

When the number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed and continues until the population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the number of cells in the previous phase or until the population dies out entirely.

front 64

What are direct methods of measuring growth?

back 64

Plate counts (serial dilution; filtration, MPN (most probable number; statistical method); direct microscopic count

front 65

What are indirect methods of measuring growth?

back 65

Increase in turbidity with time

metabolic products

dry weight

front 66

What is the main difference between direct and indirect measurements of growth?

back 66

In direct we only measure live bacteria