front 1 Study of the urinary system | back 1 Urology |
front 2 The urinary system consist of... | back 2 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, unrinary bladder, and urethra |
front 3 What is the primary function of the urinary system? | back 3 To regulate the extracellular fluid in the body, through the production of the kidney filtrate. |
front 4 What do the kidneys regulate? | back 4 1. blood volume
|
front 5 What are the 3 layers of tissue that support and protect the kidney? | back 5 renal fascia (outer layer), adipose tissue (middle layer), fibrous renal capsule (inner layer) |
front 6 blood eventually drains from the peritubular capillaries into the ______ vein system and the ____ _____. | back 6 renal, vena cava |
front 7 Capsule that surrounds the glomerulus | back 7 Bowman's (glomerular) |
front 8 single layer of cuboidal cells whick promote reabsorption of salt, water, and other molecules back into the peritubular capillaries. | back 8 proximal convulated tubule |
front 9 loop in the medulla of the kidney(descending and ascending loop) | back 9 nephron loop (Henle's loop) |
front 10 conducts urine through a pyramid, into a calyx and the pelvis | back 10 collectin duct |
front 11 these are within the visceral layer of the capsule and their cytoplasmic extentions, interdigitate with the glomerular capillaries | back 11 podocytes |
front 12 ____________ proteins because of their large size and negative charge, don't leave the capillaries. | back 12 plasma |
front 13 4 basic process of urine formation | back 13 1. glomeruli filtration
|
front 14 Most salt and water is reabsorbed by _______ from the proximal tubules | back 14 osmosis |
front 15 Reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct is regulated by what hormones? | back 15 ADH and aldosterone |
front 16 Na+ is actively transported for the filtrate to the ____________ capillaries wich allow osmosis to occur | back 16 peritubular |
front 17 Thin walled capillary loops that parallel the nephron loops-solutes are trapped a recirculated within the renal medulla, but water is tranported out | back 17 vasa recta |
front 18 walls of collecting ducts are permiable to ____, but not to salt | back 18 water |
front 19 What creates water channels within the walls of collecting ducts? | back 19 ADH |
front 20 ADH is produced by the _________ and secreted from the ________? | back 20 hypothalamus, posterior pituatary |
front 21 __________ in the hypthalamus detect increased salt concentration due to dehydration. | back 21 osmoreceptors |
front 22 inadequate ADH, large volumes of dilute urine are excreted | back 22 diabetes insipidus |
front 23 What are the 3 layers of the ureter? | back 23 inner mucosa, muscularis, adventitia |
front 24 This is located posterior to symphysis pubis and anterior to the rectum | back 24 urinary bladder |
front 25 folds of the urinary bladder which alow distention in the mucosa | back 25 rugae |
front 26 layers of the bladder | back 26 mucosa, submucosa, musculairis, adventitia |
front 27 The muscularis is composed of 3 muscle layers called the ____ _____. | back 27 detrusor muscle |
front 28 This layer of the bladder appears only on the superior surface of the bladder; a contiuation of the peritoneum | back 28 adventitia |
front 29 voluntarty control of urine | back 29 micturition |
front 30 what is normal urine production? | back 30 1200 ml |
front 31 Normal bladder capacity is about .... | back 31 700-800 ml |
front 32 This center is located in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4rth sacral segments of the spinal cord? | back 32 micturition reflex center |
front 33 inability to void or control urine | back 33 urinary incontinence |
front 34 when output exceeds intake over a prolonged period is a called a _____ ______. | back 34 fluid deficiency |
front 35 This disorder is when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost? | back 35 volume deppletion |
front 36 The body eliminates more water than Na+ and the ECF osmolarity rises is a deficiency called _____. | back 36 dehydration |
front 37 Important in maintaining fluid homeostasis;react chemically; and strongly affect osmolality | back 37 electrolytes |
front 38 Removal of solutes from the blood either through the ______ filtrate or scretions through the ____ cells. | back 38 glomeruli, tubular |
front 39 _______ is the opposite of reabsorption. | back 39 secretion |
front 40 99% of filtered ______ is reabsorbed? | back 40 water |
front 41 The volume of plasma from which a substance is removed in one minute is called ______ _____ _____. | back 41 renal plasma clearance |
front 42 Urea is secreted by the _______ into the blood? | back 42 liver |
front 43 _______ is a waste product of amino acid metabolism. | back 43 urea |
front 44 Most of the glomerular blood passes unfiltered into the ________ arterioles and ______ capillaries. | back 44 efferent, peritubular |
front 45 Blood must make many passes through the ______ before a substance is completely cleared. | back 45 kidneys |
front 46 ____ can be cleared from the blood in the kidneys in a single pass through. | back 46 PAH (para-aminohippuric acid) |
front 47 waste product of muscle metabolism | back 47 creantinine |
front 48 glucose appears in urine because concentration exceeds carrier numbers | back 48 glycosuia |
front 49 the minimum level in blood that results in excretion | back 49 renal plasma threshold |
front 50 A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ and K+ plasma concentrations? | back 50 aldosterone |
front 51 Na+ and K+ are important in _____ _____ and ______ ______. | back 51 blood volume, pressure regulation |
front 52 K+ is also important in ______ and _______ muscle formation. | back 52 cardiac, skeletal |
front 53 Aldosterone conversely stimulates secretion of ___ into the tubules. | back 53 K+ |
front 54 Region where the afferent arteriole and distal convoluted in tubule come in contact. | back 54 juxtaglomerulus apparatus |
front 55 Granular cells in the afferent arteriole secrete the hormone ______ which results in aldosterone secretion. | back 55 renin |
front 56 Due to low Na+ concentration stimulates renin secretion fron _____ ______. | back 56 granular cells |
front 57 This hormone stimultes salt excretion | back 57 natriuretic |
front 58 Most important aspects of homeostasis | back 58 acid-base control |
front 59 _______ are constantly produced metabolically | back 59 acids |
front 60 _______ resist changes in pH. | back 60 buffers |
front 61 ___________ can neutralize more acid or base than any other system. | back 61 kidneys |
front 62 Renal tubules secrete H+ ion into the ________ fluid where most is bound to ammonia and phosphate buffers and excreted as _______. | back 62 tubular, urine |
front 63 _________ are the only organs which excrete H+ ions. | back 63 kidneys |
front 64 below 7.35 pH | back 64 acidosis |
front 65 above 7.45 pH | back 65 alkalosis |
front 66 kidneys increase H+ secretion in _________ | back 66 acidosis |
front 67 ________ acids are normally buffered by HCO3- | back 67 metabolic |
front 68 increase urine output | back 68 diuretics |
front 69 urine disorder in which their is paniful elimination. | back 69 dysuria |
front 70 Blood in urine? | back 70 hematuria |
front 71 Bateria in the urine? | back 71 bacturia |
front 72 Pus in urine? | back 72 pyuria |
front 73 insufficient output | back 73 oliguris |
front 74 excessive output | back 74 polyuria |
front 75 inspection of urinary bladder with cytoscope | back 75 cytoscopy |
front 76 test for color, specific gravity, chemical composition, bacteria, crystals, and cast | back 76 urinalysis |
front 77 accumulations of proteins that leaked through the glomeruli | back 77 cast |
front 78 Name some infections of urinary organs? | back 78 urethritis, cystitis, nephritis, pyelitis |
front 79 blow to kidneys; straddle injuries; pelvic injuries to the bladder | back 79 trauma |
front 80 stones, cyst, tumors | back 80 obstructions |
front 81 chronic and accute; can regenerate | back 81 renal failure |