front 1 What are the chemical messengers secreted to target cells? | back 1 Hormones |
front 2 What are the functions of the endocrine system? | back 2 Maintain internal environment, regulation of growth and development, control and instigation of sexual reproduction and development |
front 3 What are the categories of hormones? | back 3 Peptides and proteins (polypeptides); amino acid derivatives; steroids (cholesterol based); fatty acid derivatives - eicosanoids |
front 4 Which hormones are chains of amino acids that are water soluble and make up the largest number of hormones? | back 4 peptides |
front 5 What are the types of amino acid based hormones? | back 5 tyrosine derivatives; tryptophan derivatives; glutamic acid |
front 6 What are the tyrosine derivatives? | back 6 thyroid hormones (T3 and T4); catecholamines/adrenal medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine) |
front 7 What type of hormone is a derivative of cholesterol, consists of four covalently bonded rings, and is lipid soluble? | back 7 Steroids |
front 8 What are examples of steroids? | back 8 glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, progestogens |
front 9 What are large groups of molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids? | back 9 eicosanoids |
front 10 What are the principal groups of eicosanoids? | back 10 prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes |
front 11 What type of hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane, enter the nucleus, forms hormone-receptor complex, and then binds to transcription factors to chromosome to activate/inactivate genes? | back 11 lipid soluble steroids and thyroid hormones |
front 12 What type of hormone action is: binds to receptor on cell surface, actives g-protein, actives adenylate cyclase, converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP actives protein kinases which produce the final effect? | back 12 peptides and water-soluble amines |
front 13 Hormones circulate in the blood but only affect cells that have a receptor for that hormone. What are these cells called? | back 13 target cells |
front 14 How to endocrine hormones signal cells? | back 14 travel via the bloodstream to target cells |
front 15 How do neurohormones signal cells? | back 15 release via synapses and travel via the bloodstream |
front 16 What do paracrine hormones act on? | back 16 adjacent cells |
front 17 What do autocrine hormones act on? | back 17 released and act on the cell that secreted them |
front 18 What do intracrine hormones act on? | back 18 within the cell that produces them |
front 19 Endocrine action | back 19 the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells |
front 20 Paracrine action | back 20 the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood |
front 21 Autocrine action | back 21 the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it |
front 22 Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system is ____________? | back 22 anatomically discontinuous |
front 23 Humoral | back 23 in response to changing blood levels |
front 24 Neural | back 24 in response to nerve fibers |
front 25 Hormonal | back 25 in response to other hormones |
front 26 What are the inputs to endocrine cells? | back 26 neuron, hormone, ion, organic nutrients |
front 27 The concentration of hormone as seen by target cells is determined by? | back 27 rate of production, rate of delivery, rate of degradation and elimination |
front 28 Up-regulation | back 28 insipidus |
front 29 down-regulation | back 29 type II, melitus |
front 30 Negative feedback occurs when? | back 30 a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation |
front 31 Example of negative feedback | back 31 LH from pituitary stimulates the testes to produce testosterone which in turn feeds back and inhibits LH secretion |
front 32 Example of positive feedback | back 32 LH stimulation of estrogen which stimulates LH surge at ovulation |