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86 notecards = 22 pages (4 cards per page)

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Exam 1 review

front 1

Staphylo

back 1

Clustered

front 2

Cocci

back 2

Spherical

front 3

Aureus

back 3

Gold

front 4

Entero

back 4

GI tract

front 5

Coli

back 5

Colon

front 6

Bacteria

back 6

  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotes
  • No nucleus
  • Peptidoglycan cell wall ( carb+protein)
  • Binary Vision (divid into two)
  • Energy= Organic compounds or photosynthesis

front 7

Viruses

back 7

  • Acellular
  • Core= DNA or RNA, surrounded by protein coat, may have enclosed lipid envelope
  • Only replicated in living host cells

front 8

Types of Archaea

back 8

  • Acidophiles - Acid loving
  • Halophiles - Salt loving
  • Thermophiles - Heat loving
  • Alkaliphiles - Alkali loving
  • Methanogens - Methan loving

front 9

What is normal microbiota and their function?

back 9

  • Microbes normally present on human body
  • Prevent growth of pathogens
  • Produce growth factors ( vitamin k & folic acid)

front 10

Resistance factors of normal microbiota

back 10

Skin, Stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

front 11

What is an emerging infectious disease (EID), what is an example.

back 11

Increasing incidences of a new disease that may have evolved or spread to a new location, Ebola.

front 12

Three types of bonds

back 12

  • Ionic -Middle
  • Covalent -Strongest
  • Hydrogen - Weakest

front 13

Ionic bond

back 13

Attraction between ions of opposite charge. One atom loses electrons and another gains an electron.

front 14

Covalent bond

back 14

Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

front 15

Hydrogen Bond

back 15

  • Atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule.
  • Electromagnetic attraction between polar molecules

front 16

Types of chemical reactions

back 16

  • Synthesis
  • Decomposition
  • Exchange
  • Reversible

front 17

Synthesis Reaction

back 17

Atoms, ions, or molecules combine and form a new larger molecule

front 18

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

back 18

Synthesis Reaction

front 19

Decomposition Reaction

back 19

Molecules split into caller molecules, ions, or atoms

front 20

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose

back 20

Decomposition Reaction

front 21

NaOH + HCI -----> NaCI = H2O

back 21

Exchange Reaction

front 22

Exchange Reaction

back 22

Part synthesis and part decomposition

front 23

Reversible Reaction

back 23

Can go either direction

front 24

A + B ______ AB

back 24

Reversible Reaction

front 25

Acids

back 25

Substances that dissociate into one of more H+

front 26

HCI ---> H+ + CI-

back 26

Acid

front 27

Bases

back 27

Substance that dissociate into one or more OH-

front 28

NaOH ----> Na++ OH-

back 28

Base

front 29

What is pH

back 29

Amount of H+ in a solution

front 30

pH increased H+

back 30

Increased acidity

front 31

pH increased OH-

back 31

Increased alkalinity

front 32

Optimum pH

back 32

7

front 33

4 organic molecules

back 33

  • Carbs
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids

front 34

Carbs

back 34

  • Cell structure and energy source
  • (CH2O)n
  • Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

front 35

Monosaccarides

back 35

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms, glucose, fructose

front 36

Disaccharides

back 36

Formed when 2 monosaccarides are joined in dehydration synthesis

front 37

Polysaccharides

back 37

Tens or hundreds pf monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

front 38

Lipids

back 38

  • Store energy & primary components of cell membranes
  • C,H, and O
  • Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
  • Non polar , insoluble in water

front 39

Saturated fat

back 39

  • Saturated with the max amount of hydrogens.
  • Hydrocarbon are straight and can pack close together = solid at room temp
  • Cannot have anymore Hydrogens

front 40

Unsaturated fat

back 40

  • Double bonds reduce the # of hydrogens
  • Cant pack close together = liquid at room temp
  • Small number of Hydrogens

front 41

Proteins

back 41

  • Cell structure and function
  • Enzymes- speed up chem reactions
  • Trans. Protein- Move chem across membrane
  • Flagella- made of protein
  • some bacteria toxins are protein

front 42

Amino Acids

back 42

building blocks of proteins

front 43

Peptide Bonds

back 43

  • Bond between amino acids
  • Every peptide bond between 2 amino acids, one water molecule is released
  • Formed by hydration synthesis

front 44

4 levels of protein structure

back 44

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary

front 45

Primary Structure

back 45

Polypeptide strand (amino acid sequence)

Unique sequence which amino acids are linked together to form a peptide chain

Genetically determined

front 46

Secondary Structure

back 46

Helix and pleated sheet (with 3 polypeptide strands)

Depends on amino acid sequence

Localized, repetitious, twisting or folding of the peptide chain.

Shape results from hydrogen bonds joining the atoms of peptide bonds at diffrent locations along polypeptide chain

front 47

Tertiary Structure

back 47

When helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogens bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain.

Determines what protein looks like

front 48

Conjugated Proteins

back 48

  • Glycoproteins
  • Lipoproteins

front 49

Glycoproteins

back 49

contain oligosaccharides covalently attached to proteins

front 50

Lipoproteins

back 50

Contain both proteins and lipids, bound to the proteins, which allow fats to move through the water

front 51

Prokaryote

back 51

  • One circular chromosome, not a membrane
  • Bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls
  • Archaea: Pseudomurein cell walls

front 52

Eukaryote

back 52

  • Paired chromosome, in nuclear membrane
  • Polysaccharide cell wakks

front 53

Prokaryotic cell shapes

back 53

  • Coccus- Sherical
  • Bacillus- rod shaped
  • Spiral
    • Spirillum
    • Vibrio
    • Spirochete

front 54

Prokaryotic Arrangements

back 54

  • Pairs
  • Clusters
  • Chains
  • Terads
  • Sarcinae

front 55

Pairs

back 55

Diplococci and Diplobacilli

front 56

Clusters

back 56

Staphylococci

front 57

Chains

back 57

Streptococci and Streptobacilli

front 58

Tetrads

back 58

Divide in two planes

front 59

Sarcinae

back 59

divide in four planes

front 60

Gram Positive

back 60

  • Stack of peptidoglycan
  • One membrane
  • Stains purple

front 61

Gram Negative

back 61

  • Single layer
  • Seconds membrane
  • Periplasmic space

front 62

Simple Diffusion

back 62

Movement from high to low concentration

front 63

Facilitated Diffusion

back 63

Movement from hight to low concentration, but involves a transporter protein

front 64

Facilitated Diffusion: Non- Specific

back 64

Any molecule can move thought transporter protein

front 65

Facilitated Diffusion: Specific

back 65

Only certain molecules can move through transporter protein

front 66

Active Transport

back 66

Movement against concentration gradient, allows bacteria to accumulate high concentrations , needs ATP

front 67

Osmosis

back 67

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, allows free movement

front 68

Isotonic

back 68

Equal on both sides, allows free movement

front 69

Hypotonic

back 69

Solution lower that osmotic pressure, less salute & more water

front 70

Hypertonic

back 70

Higher concentration of salutes inside the cell, water flows out to maintain balance.

front 71

Metabolism

back 71

Sum of chemical reactions in an organism

front 72

Catabolism

back 72

Provides energy and building blocks fro anabolism

front 73

Anabolism

back 73

Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules

front 74

Enzymes

back 74

Facilitate and catalyze proteins

Some are highly specific based on conformation (prime,sec,&tertiary)

They are reusable

front 75

Apoenzyme

back 75

An enzyme without its cofactor, inactive

front 76

Holoenzyme

back 76

Apoenzyme plus cofactor, active

front 77

Factors that influence enzyme

back 77

  • Temperature- best at 37 C
  • pH- Optimum 7.2-7.4
  • Substrate concentration- W/ increase the rate of increasing active site till all enzymes are at maximum
  • Inhibitors - Feedback inhibition binds to molecule decreases its activity

front 78

Oxidation and reduction reactions

back 78

Both are used in catabolism to extract energy and store it in ATP

front 79

Oxidation

back 79

Removal of electrons produces energy

front 80

Reduction

back 80

Gain of electrons

front 81

Difference between resperation and fermentation

back 81

Respiration uses all 3 steps and fermentation only uses glycolysis

front 82

Three parts of respiration

back 82

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron transport chain

front 83

Phototrophs

back 83

Use light as primary energy source

front 84

Chemotrophs

back 84

Use energy from chemicals (oxidation reduction)

front 85

Autotrophs

back 85

use carbon dioxide as carbon source

front 86

Heterotrophs

back 86

Use organic carbon source