front 1 Mutualism | back 1 Both organisms benefit from and depend on one another to a certain extent. |
front 2 Examples of Mutualism | back 2
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front 3 Synergism: Subcategory of mutualism | back 3
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front 4 Commensalism | back 4 One organism benefits but second organism neither benefits nor is harmed. |
front 5 Examples of Commensalism | back 5 Indigenous microflora on the skin of humans obtain nutrients, but do not affect the skin or human body. To a certain extent they benefit humans by occupying space and preventing other potentially harmful microbes from colonizing, a process referred to as competitive exclusion. |
front 6 Neutralism: Subcategory of commensalism | back 6 Two organisms occupy the same area with no effect on each other. |
front 7 Antagonism: Second subcategory of commensalism | back 7
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front 8 Parasitism | back 8 One organism benefits and the host is harmed. Commensal microbes that become opportunistic by entering through a surgical skin incision. Nosocomial infections (infections acquired in a hospital) such as urinary tract infections. Airborne viruses, such as the virus that causes the common cold. |
front 9 Examples of Parasitism | back 9 Endoparasites, such as intestinal worms, cause an infection and deplete the body of nutrition. |
front 10 Symbiosis | back 10 . The relationship between human hosts and indigenous flora refers to both organisms. The relationship may be harmless, harmful, or beneficial to one or both |
front 11 CDC study on nosocomial infections | back 11 compiled recent data estimating that HAIs accounted for 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths per year. Of these:
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front 12 Bacteria prokaryotes | back 12 are less complex organisms whose organelles are not membrane bound like those of the eukaryotes. All bacteria are this. Bacteria divide by the process of binary fission, which is a simple division that results in two identical cells. |
front 13 Bacteria | back 13 cellular structure is complex, and this classification includes protozoa; fungi; green, brown and red algae; and all plant and animal cells. |
front 14 Morphology: size, shape, and arrangements of bacteria Coccoid: | back 14 round-shaped bacteria (coccus, singular form; cocci, plural form) |
front 15 Morphology: size, shape, and arrangements of bacteria Diplococci: | back 15 paired bacteria |
front 16 Morphology: size, shape, and arrangements of bacteria Streptococci | back 16 chain of bacteria |
front 17 Morphology: size, shape, and arrangements of bacteria Staphylococci: | back 17 cluster of bacteria |
front 18 Morphology: size, shape, and arrangements of bacteria Bacillus | back 18 rod-shaped bacteria (bacillus, singular form; bacilli, plural) |
front 19 Morphology: size, shape, and arrangements of bacteria Spirilla | back 19 spiral-shaped bacteria |
front 20 Motility: ability of a microbe to move by itself
| back 20 long thin structure attached to the outside of the cell; uses whipping motion to provide motility to the cell |
front 21 Motility: ability of a microbe to move by itself Cilia | back 21 fine, short, hairlike extensions located on the surface of the cell; their coordinated, rhythmic movement allows the cell to move |
front 22 Oxygen requirements: bacterial species classified according to oxygen and carbon dioxide needs | back 22
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front 23 Gram Stain | back 23 cells are stained with crystal violet; washed with ethanol that removes purple stain from bacteria that don’t retain the stain; red dye safranin is applied; specimen is rinsed with water. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet and therefore are a purple color; gram-negative bacteria do not retain the crystal violet and are red from the safranin stain. Gram-variable bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, do not consistently stain red or purple. |
front 24 Spore forming (sporulation): bacterial species capable of forming spores* Clostridium | back 24
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front 25 Staphylococcus | back 25 most common in the o.r |
front 26 Types of Staphylococcus S. aureus | back 26 Toxic shock syndrome Osteomyelitis Endocarditis Postoperative SSI |
front 27 Types of Staphylococcus S. epidermis | back 27 IV catheter infections UTIs Prosthetic device infections Subacute bacterial infections Endocarditis |
front 28 S. pyogenes | back 28 Rheumatic fever: If you have had this you will be put on an antibiotic before surgery Necrotizing fasciitis: Flesh eating disease |
front 29 Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci, Coccobacilli Neisseria gonorrhoeae | back 29 Pelvic inflammatory disease leading to salpingitis |
front 30 Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci, Coccobacilli Moraxella catarrhalis | back 30 Otitis media in children |
front 31 Aerobic, Microaerophile Gram-Negative Bacilli, Spirochetes Pseudomonas | back 31 Deep-tissue health care-associated |
front 32 Aerobic, Microaerophile Gram-Negative Bacilli, Spirochetes Helicobacter pylori | back 32 Chronic gastritis Stomach ulcers Peptic ulcers |
front 33 Vanomycin | back 33 VRE Family of penicillin used so much people have become resistant to it |
front 34 Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli influenzae | back 34 Respiratory tract infections Bacterial pneumonia (elderly) Otitis media Eye infections Septic arthritis Cellulitis |
front 35 Facultative Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Klebsiella pneumoniae | back 35 Health care–associated UTIs Wound and burn infections Ankylosing spondylitis (sequelae of a Klebsiella infection) |
front 36 Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacteria Clostridium | back 36 Gas gangrene infection |
front 37 Mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis | back 37 Tuberculosis |
front 38 Mycobacteria | back 38 Chlamydia |
front 39 Tuberculosis | back 39 caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted through airborne droplet nuclei, usually infects the lungs but may also infect the kidneys, bone, joints, or skin. Surgical procedures performed on known TB carriers require implementing isolation precautions, including the wearing of gloves, protective eyewear, gown, and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)–approved respirators. |
front 40 Viruses | back 40 are nonliving particles that are completely reliant on the host cell for survival. contain either DNA or RNA and a protein coat that encases the nucleic acid. |
front 41 Viral Pathogens Common to the OR Hepatitis B (HBV) | back 41 Transmission:Percutaneous or permucous in blood, serum, and other body fluids Description:Causes inflammation of the liver, jaundice, cirrhosis, and, in some cases, liver cancer |
front 42 Viral Pathogens Common to the OR Hepatitis C | back 42 Transmission: Blood-borne RNA; transmitted through blood and blood products Description: Asymptomatic when acute; may be carried for 25 years; causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer |
front 43 Viral Pathogens Common to the OR Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | back 43 Transmission: Blood or other body fluids Description: Compromises immune system |
front 44 Viral Pathogens Common to the OR Herpes simplex virus (HSV) | back 44 Transmission: Contact with fluid from lesions Description: Causes localized blisterlike eruptions; can also cause keratoconjunctivitis, acute retinal necrosis, meningoencephalitis |
front 45 Viral Pathogens Common to the OR Papillomavirus | back 45 Transmission: Direct contact with another person Description: Warts |
front 46 Viral Pathogens Common to the OR Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | back 46 Transmission: Direct contact with body fluids Description: Infects salivary glands or viscera; opportunistic infection in patients with HIV or hepatitis |
front 47 Viral Pathogens Common to the OR Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) | back 47 Transmission: Exact mode of transmission unknown; thought to be by percutaneous inoculation with brain tissue or cerebral spinal fluid from infected persons; transmission has been associated with use of contaminated instruments; longer sterilization times required. Description: Rapidly progressive fatal central nervous disease characterized by dementia, myoclonus |
front 48 Prions | back 48 is short for “proteinaceous infectious particle.” , built of proteins and do not contain DNA or RNA. attack the brain, which is why the diseases they cause are called subacute spongiform encephalopathies |
front 49 two common forms of prions | back 49 scrapie (a disease that infects sheep and goats) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (commonly called mad cow disease). |
front 50 Sample Guidelines for Suspected or Known CJD Patients Preoperative Preparation | back 50
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front 51 Sample Guidelines for Suspected or Known CJD Patients Intraoperative Case Management | back 51
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front 52 Sample Guidelines for Suspected or Known CJD Patients Postoperative Case Management | back 52
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front 53 Sample Guidelines for Suspected or Known CJD Patients Environmental Cleaning | back 53
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front 54 Parasites | back 54 two categories : unicellular protozoans and multicellular protozoans. |
front 55 Parasites Helminths | back 55 are popularly known as worms. Those that are most common in the human population are tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. The chances of a surgical technologist encountering a this type of infection have increased due to the mobility of the world population and immigration from Third World countries. Worms can damage body tissues and organs to the point that they require surgery. |
front 56 Cysticeri (Taenia solium) | back 56 are pork tapeworms that can migrate out of the intestinal tract and travel to muscle and brain tissue, and the eyes. can cause palpable lumps in soft tissues, blurred vision and retinal detachment, and when located in the brain tissue cause seizures, ataxia, headaches, and possibly death. |
front 57 Fungi | back 57 Mycology is the study of this are eukaryotic organisms that are either unicellular yeasts or multicellular molds and mushrooms. reproduce either sexually or asexually by producing spores; a true spore is formed by either asexual cleavage or sexual meiosis. diseases are called mycoses (the plural of mycosis). |
front 58 Common Fungal Infections Candida albicans | back 58 Vaginal yeast infection Trench mouth (thrush) Immunocompromised patients prone to serious infections of the brain, meninges, and heart valves Patients intubated or who have indwelling venous catheter or other type long-term indwelling catheter should be monitored for infection |
front 59 Common Fungal Infections Pneumocystis jiroveci | back 59 Pneumocystis pneumonia |
front 60 zygomycosis, | back 60 caused by a common bread mold If the organism enters the bloodstream and destroys the cranial bones, the brain tissue will be invaded. |
front 61 Precautions (Modes of Transmission) | back 61 are separate guidelines for infection control and prevention of cross-contamination of patients when the disease process has been diagnosed disposable cover gowns and unsterile gloves should be worn by transporters of patients with known contact-transmissible diseases. |
front 62 Personnel (Methods of Transmission) | back 62 The skin, hair, and nares of surgical personnel are reservoirs of bacteria, which may be discharged in particle form into the air and therefore pose a risk of SSI to the patient. Gowns and drapes cover the skin on areas of the body other than the hands. |
front 63 Basic Hand washing | back 63
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front 64 Environmental (Methods of Transmission) | back 64 Fomites are inanimate objects that may contain infectious microorganisms including walls, floors, cabinets, furniture and equipment. |
front 65 The Patient (Methods of Transmission) | back 65 The two primary sources of SSI risk to the patient are the endogenous flora encountered in contaminated procedures and the resident flora of the skin. |
front 66 Factors That increase the risk of surgical site infections | back 66
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front 67 Procedure-related risk factors that increase the danger of SSI include: | back 67
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front 68 colonization | back 68 The growth and collection of microbes into a group that lives in a particular area |
front 69 Asepsis | back 69 Absence of Microorganisms |
front 70 Bacteriocidal | back 70 Substance that destroys/kills bacteria |
front 71 Bacteriostatic | back 71 Substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria |
front 72 Bioburden | back 72 The number of microbes or amount of organic debris on an object at any given time |
front 73 Contamination | back 73 The presence of pathogenic materials |
front 74 Cross-contamination | back 74 The contamination of a person or object by another |
front 75 Decontamination | back 75 To reduce to an irreducible minimum the presence of pathogenic material |
front 76 Event-related sterility | back 76 Sterility determined by how a package is handled rather than time elapsed; a package is considered sterile until opened or the integrity of packaging material is damaged |
front 77 Fomite | back 77 Inanimate object that harbors microorganisms |
front 78 Fungicide | back 78 Agent that destroys fungus |
front 79 Infection | back 79 Invasion of the human body or tissue by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply, causing disease |
front 80 Nosocomial | back 80 Infection acquired within a health care facility |
front 81 Pathogen | back 81 Any microbe capable of causing disease |
front 82 Resident flora | back 82 Microbes that normally reside below the skin surface or within the body |
front 83 Sepsis | back 83 Infection, usually accompanied by fever, that results from the presence of pathogenic microorganisms |
front 84 Spore | back 84 A resistant form of certain types of bacteria that are able to survive in adverse conditions |
front 85 Sporicide | back 85 Substance that kills/destroys bacteria in the spore stage |
front 86 Sterile | back 86 Having been rendered free of all living microorganisms, including spores |
front 87 Sterile technique | back 87 Techniques of creating a sterile field and performing within the sterile field to keep microbes at an irreducible minimum |
front 88 Sterile field | back 88 Specified area, usually the area immediately around the patient, that is considered free of microorganisms |
front 89 Strike-through contamination | back 89 Contamination of a sterile field that occurs through the passage of fluid through, or a puncture in, a microbial barrier |
front 90 Surgically clean | back 90 Mechanically cleaned and chemically disinfected but not sterile |
front 91 Terminal disinfection | back 91 To render items safe to handle by high-level disinfection |
front 92 Terminal sterilization | back 92 To render items safe to handle by sterilization |
front 93 Transient flora | back 93 Microbes that reside on the skin surface and are easily removed |
front 94 Vector | back 94 Living carrier that transmits disease |
front 95 Virucide | back 95 Agent that destroys viruses |
front 96 Antisepsis | back 96 is a process in which most but not all microorganisms located on animate surfaces, such as the skin, are destroyed. |
front 97 Antiseptic: | back 97 name used to describe the solutions that are used by the sterile surgical team members to perform the surgical scrub and are used on the patient for skin preparation of the surgical site. |
front 98 Classification of Patient Care Items Critical | back 98 Items that will be used for invasive procedures or vascular access and carry a high potential for causing SSIs include: surgical instruments, devices that enter the vascular or urinary systems (needles, catheters), implantable items (wires, screws, joint replacements, mesh, sutures), and any monitors or probes that enter deep tissue layers or cavities. These items should be sterilized. |
front 99 Classification of Patient Care Items SEMI-CRITICAL | back 99 Items that come into contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin carry a lesser risk of infection due to the properties of resistance of intact mucosal linings to many commonly encountered bacterial spores. Examples include: laryngoscopes, anesthesia and respiratory equipment, and some endoscopes. High-level disinfection should be used for items in this category. |
front 100 Classification of Patient Care Items NON-CRITICAL: | back 100 Items that come into contact with a patient’s intact skin and clean environmental equipment items pose the least risk of infection. Examples include blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximeters, OR transport stretchers, and other furniture. These items require either intermediate-level or low-level disinfection. |
front 101 Disinfection Principles and Disinfecting Agents Cleaning | back 101 The physical removal of blood, body fluids, and/or gross debris (bioburdenbioburdenAmount of gross organic debris or the number of microorganisms on an object at any given time bioburden Amount of gross organic debris or the number of microorganisms on an object at any given time ) from an inanimate object. |
front 102 Disinfection Principles and Disinfecting Agents Disinfection | back 102 Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins or vectors by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents. Disinfection is discussed on three levels. |
front 103 Disinfection Principles and Disinfecting Agents High-level disinfection | back 103 Kills all microorganisms except spores and prions (CJD). |
front 104 Disinfection Principles and Disinfecting Agents Intermediate-level disinfection Intermediate-level disinfection Level of disinfection in which most microorganisms are killed except spores | back 104 Kills most microorganisms, including bacteria, most viruses and fungi. M. tuberculosis and HBV; ineffective against spores. |
front 105 Disinfection Principles and Disinfecting Agents Low-level disinfection | back 105 Kills some fungi and viruses, and most bacteria, but is not effective against spores and M tuberculosis. |
front 106 Disinfection Principles and Disinfecting Agents Sterilization | back 106 Destruction of all microorganisms in or about an object with steam (flowing or pressurized), chemical agents (alcohol, phenol, heavy metals, or ethyl-ene oxide gas), high-velocity electron bombardment, or ultraviolet radiation. |
front 107 Glutaraldehyde | back 107 is a high-level disinfectant. Its common commercial name is Cidex. is used for devices that can withstand complete immersionimmersion Placing an item in a container so it is completely covered by a liquid, such as immersing a surgical instrument in glutaraldehyde in liquid. The liquid must contact all surface areas of the item, including lumens. |
front 108 Sodium Hypochlorite | back 108 household bleach) is an effective disinfectant for surfaces, floors, and equipment. is such an effective and fast-acting solution, and the CDC recommends its use in cleaning blood and body fluid spills. |
front 109 Phenol (Carbolic Acid) | back 109 is usually used as a concentrate with detergent additives and is diluted with tap water. is used to disinfect large areas such as floors and countertops and is used on a general basis as a health care facility cleaning agent. |
front 110 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds | back 110 commonly called quats, are bactericidal, fungicidal, and pseudomonacidal. They are not sporicidal, vi-rucidal, or tuberculocidal. Common compounds include ben-zalkonium chloride and dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; however, newer and more effective compounds are available, such as dialkyl quats. Some facilities consider quats low-level disinfectants because of their inability to kill TB, spores, or viruses and their vulnerability to inactivation. |
front 111 Alcohol Isopropyl and ethyl alcohol | back 111 dilution of 60-70% alcohol concentration are tuberculocidal, bactericidal, virucidal, and fungi-cidal; they are not sporicidal. most useful in cleaning and disinfecting small noncritical surfaces. Recent studies show that these solutions may be as effective or more effective than other compounds for use in skin disinfection for surgical scrub and patient skin prep. Further studies are warranted. |
front 112 Guidelines for house keeping laundry and regulated waste procedures | back 112
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front 113 Cleaning Actions | back 113
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front 114 Decontamination Practices in the or | back 114 The surgical technologist, along with environmental services personnel, may be involved in the “turnover” of the room, which marks the preparation for the next procedure. |
front 115 More Decontamination practices | back 115
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front 116 Terminal Cleaning | back 116 Each health care facility designs its own end-of-day or “terminal cleaning” routine
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front 117 Weekly Cleaning | back 117
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front 118 Dirty Cases | back 118 the floor should be cleaned with a phenolic detergent and all equipment and furniture should be wiped down with 70% alcohol solution. Rubber and plastic tubing in the room should be replaced and if gross contamination of walls and ceilings has occurred, these should be wiped down with a disinfectant solution as well Usually last in the room |
front 119 Surgical Instrument Decontamination Process | back 119 any critical patient item or instrument that will be used on open tissue or be placed in the sterile field must be sterilized to remove all microbes, including spores. |
front 120 Design of the decontamination area | back 120
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front 121 Cleaning | back 121 The first step in the decontamination process begins at the point of use. |
front 122 The solutions that may be used to soak insturments | back 122
2.Enzymatic solution
3.Detergent solutions |
front 123 Advantages and Limitations of Presoaking Solutions Sterile water | back 123 Advantages: Keeps organic debris moist Limitations: Ineffective in softening or removing dried debris |
front 124 Advantages and Limitations of Presoaking Solutions ENZYME | back 124 Advantages: Removes moistened and dried debris without the need for mechanical action Limitations:Efficiency depends on concentration of solution, temperature, and contact time |
front 125 Advantages and Limitations of Presoaking Solutions Detergent | back 125 Advantages:Keeps organic debris moist while loosening dried-on debris Limitations: Mechanical action is necessary to completely remove soil |
front 126 Common Chemical Cleaners Enzymatic | back 126 Organic substance that aids in the chemical reaction of breaking down organic debris. As previously stated, enzymes are specific to the type of debris to be removed. Enzymes are usually used as a soaking solution. They require dilution and are more effective in warm water than cold because the temperature of the warm water increases the speed of the chemical reaction. |
front 127 Common Chemical Cleaners Ultrasonic | back 127 Cleaning solutions are manufactured specifically for use in ultrasonic cleaners. The solution may contain a surfactant (to enhance wetting ability) and chelating agents. |
front 128 Common Chemical Cleaners Manual Detergent | back 128 Products usually used for hand cleaning of items and/or for presoaking. Some of the manual cleaners are high foaming and therefore should not be used in mechanical cleaning equipment. They must be diluted for use but are safe to use on most materials, including stainless steel. Mechanical action is required to assist in removing the soil. Surgical instruments must be thoroughly rinsed after being placed in the detergent. |
front 129 Common Chemical Cleaners Washer Decontaminator | back 129 Liquid solution that is available in three different pH levels. Neutral-pH product: Least corrosive to surgical instruments but less effective at removing substantial amount of organic soil. |
front 130 Washer Decontaminator Moderate-pH product | back 130 Low-level alkaline; may be combined with surfactants and chelating agents. Safe for use on stainless steel instruments but could be harmful to the chromium oxide layer that protects the instruments from corrosion. |
front 131 Washer Decontaminator HIGH-PH Product | back 131 Most effective for removing heavy amounts of soil. Can be corrosive to stainless steel. If used, it must be neutralized by a neutralizing rinse to prevent damage to the instruments. |
front 132 Different Cleaning Solutions | back 132
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front 133 Step one of the cleaning process (manual) | back 133 Instruments are immersed in a solution of lukewarm water, detergent, and/or enzymatic cleaner with a neutral pH. Hot water should not be used to initially rinse instruments to avoid blood and tissue from being set with heat on the metal surface. The manufacturer’s instructions must be followed for correct dilution, temperature, and use of detergent solutions. The enzymatic cleaner aids in the removal of bioburden. Each instrument must be individually cleaned with a soft-bristled brush using friction to loosen the organic debris. The foundation of manual cleaning is friction. Friction will loosen the organic material to allow its removal during the rinsing process. When cleaning stainless steel instruments, a back-and-forth motion should be used to follow the grain of the instrument. Do not use a circular motion, which can scratch the surface of the item. The instrument and brush must be kept submerged in the solution during cleaning to prevent contaminated water droplets from aerosolizing. Particular attention must be directed toward serrations on jaws, ratchets, box locks, and teeth of instruments. Instruments with lumens may be cleaned with a tube brush, pipe cleaner, or handheld water pressure gun. The cleaning solution should be changed frequently to avoid buildup of microbes and soil. |
front 134 Step 2 of the cleaing process (manual) | back 134 The last step is to rinse the instruments in distilled water. Do not use tap water because it may contain minerals that can stain and form a film on the instruments when the tap water evaporates. |
front 135 Step 3 of the cleaning process (manual) | back 135 To avoid spotting the instruments, the items should be immediately dried after rinsing. |
front 136 recommendation should be followed when decontamination | back 136
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front 137 Washer Decontamination Cycles | back 137 1.Prerinse cycle: Some models allow the use of an enzymatic solution in this phase. 2.Cleaning cycle: Detergent solution is used in this cycle. 3. Final rinse: Hot water is used during this rinse. The water temperature is maintained at 180°–195°F 4.Drying phase: High temperature is used to dry the instruments. |
front 138 Washer Sterilizer cycles | back 138 1.Prerinse: A continuous cool or tepid water spray rinse aids in removing organic and soil matter such as blood and tissue. 2.Automatic detergent injection: The machine injects a measured amount of detergent into the chamber. 3.Fill phase: The chamber is filled with water for total instrument immersion and cleaning. 4.Wash phase: Water is agitated inside the chamber for soil removal; the machine controls water temperature. 5.Postrinse: Loose soil and detergent film are rinsed off items. 6.Sterilization phase: Steam sterilization cycle-this is usually a gravity cycle. 7.Lubrication (milking) 8.Drying phase |
front 139 Ultrasonic Cleaners | back 139 A machine used to remove minute organic particles and soil from the areas of instrumentation hardest to reach by manual or other mechanical methods of cleaning; the washer utilizes the process of cavitation for cleaning instruments |
front 140 How the Ultrasonic Cleaners Work | back 140
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front 141 Powered Insturments | back 141 must never be submerged in cleaning solution or placed in any type of mechanical decontaminating equipment. |
front 142 What happens in the clean room | back 142 Instruments must be checked for function and integrity and prepared for sterilization |
front 143 What does Impervious to moisture mean | back 143 Waterproof |
front 144 Two Types of Peel Pack | back 144
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front 145 Rigid Instrument Containers | back 145
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front 146 How Heavy should instrument sets be | back 146 no more than 25lbs |
front 147 What should be followed for proper inspection of powered instruments | back 147 The manufacturer’s instructions An instrument may need to be lubricated and operated for a designated amount of time to ensure lubricant distribution. The power hose should be checked for cracks and cuts. The power hose should be coiled loosely to prevent kinking and damage. |
front 148 What will proper preparation ensure? | back 148
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front 149 What should instruments be placed in? | back 149 in a mesh-bottom or wire mesh basket with an absorbent towel lining the bottom. |
front 150 Instruments with lumens should be prepared like? | back 150 require special preparation. Air trapped in the lumen may prevent steam from contacting the inner surface. To prevent this entrapment of air, a residual amount of distilled water should be left inside the lumen. The water will boil during sterilization, turning to steam and displacing the air within the lumen. |
front 151 Basin Sets | back 151 are conducive to the formation and retention of condensate due to their density. Basins that will be nested within each other or that may contain other metal items must have adequate air space between each item. An absorbent towel should be used to separate the basins and items |
front 152 Julian Date | back 152 that indicates the date of sterilization. The Julian date is the number of the calendar day (1-365/366); for example, the Julian date for February 27, 2013 is 58 and March 5, 2013 is 64. |
front 153 Steam Sterilizer | back 153 The destruction of all microorganisms in or about an object can be accomplished with the use of stream under pressure, chemical agents (alcohol, phenol, heavy metals, and ethylene oxide gas), high-velocity electron bombardment, or ultraviolet radiation |
front 154 Advantages of Steam Sterilizers | back 154 Saturated steam is many times more effective in trans-ferring thermal energy than hot air. It is the most economical and inexpensive sterilizing agent. It is the safest method of sterilization in comparison to other methods. |
front 155 Factors that are critical to steam sterilizers | back 155 Contact: The sterilant must have contact with all surfaces of the items being sterilized. Pressure: Pressure increases the temperature of steam to the level where it can destroy all microbes. Pressure that is greater than that of the atmosphere is necessary to increase the temperature of the steam in order to cause the destruction of microbes. |
front 156 Cycle Time | back 156 Contents 270°F Drying Times Instrument set, 4 minutes 20–30 minutes Wrapped Instrument set, 3 minutes NA unwrapped, no lumen instrument |
front 157 Reason For failure in Sterilizers | back 157 2.Containers are positioned incorrectly on the sterilization cart. Instrument trays, basins, and peel packs must be positioned to allow air to escape. 3.Items to be sterilized are inadequately cleaned. Soil and debris prevent the saturated steam from making direct contact with surface areas to kill microbes. |
front 158 Autoclaves | back 158 generate their own steam When steam is suppliedfrom an outside source, the walls of the chamber are preheated before the steam is allowed into the chamber. This is accomplished with a metal jacket that is built around the chamber. The space between the jacket and chamber is filled with steam to preheat the chamber walls when the machine is turned on. |
front 159 Gravity dIsplacement Sterilizer | back 159 are slower than prevacuum/dynamic-air-removal sterilizers because gravity is relied on to remove the air. |