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38 notecards = 10 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Chemistry and Measurements

front 1

Metric System

back 1

  • the standard system of measurement in chemistry

front 2

International System of Units

back 2

  • the official system of measurement throughout the world except for the United States

front 3

Length

back 3

  • Metric System
    • meter (m)
  • SI
    • meter (m)

front 4

Volume

back 4

  • Metric System
    • liter (L)
  • SI
    • cubic meter (m^3)

front 5

Mass

back 5

  • Metric System
    • gram (g)
  • SI
    • kilogram (kg)

front 6

Temperature

back 6

  • Metric System
    • degree Celcius
  • SI
    • kelvin (K)

front 7

Time

back 7

  • Metric System
    • second (s)
  • SI
    • second (s)

front 8

Meter

back 8

  • one meter is equal to 39.4 inches
  • 1 m = 100 cm
  • 1 m = 39.4 in.
  • 1 m = 1.09 yd

front 9

Centimeter

back 9

  • a smaller unit of length
  • commonly used in chemistry
  • about equal to the width of your little finger
  • 2.54 cm = 1 in.

front 10

Volume

back 10

  • the amount of space a substance occupies
  • 1 qt = 946 mL
  • 1 L = 1000 mL
  • 1 L = 1.06 qt

front 11

Liter (L)

back 11

  • slightly larger than a quart (qt)
  • 1 L = 1000 mL
  • 1 L = 1.06 qt

front 12

Milliliter (mL)

back 12

  • smaller and more convenient
  • commonly used in labs and hospitals
  • 1000 mL = 1 L

front 13

Mass of an Object

back 13

  • a measure of the quantity of material it contains
  • SI UNIT
    • kilogram (kg)
      • used for larger masses, such as body mass
  • METRIC SYSTEM
    • gram (g)
      • used for smaller masses
  • 1000 g = 1 kg
  • 1 kg = 2.20 lb
  • 454 g = 1 lb

front 14

Weight

back 14

  • a measure of the gravitational pull on an object
  • EXAMPLE:
    • an astronaut with a mass of 75.0 kg has a weight of 165 lb

front 15

Temperature

back 15

  • tells us how hot or cold something is
  • METRIC SYSTEM
    • celsius (℃)
      • water freezes at 0℃ and boils at 100℃
      • whereas on the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32℉ and boils at 212℉
  • SI UNIT
    • kelvin (K)

front 16

Time

back 16

  • measured by second (s) on both systems

front 17

Measured Numbers

back 17

  • the numbers you obtain when you measure a quantity
  • SUCH AS:
    • height
    • weight
    • temperature

front 18

Significant Figures

back 18

  • SIGNIFICANT FIGURE RULES:
  • all the digits including the estimated digit
  • all nonzero digits and zeros between digits
  • zeros at the end of a decimal number
  • A ZERO IS NOT A SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
    • at the beginning of a decimal number
    • used as a placeholder in a larger number without a decimal point
    • not zeros that act as placeholders before digits

front 19

Scientific Notation and Significant Zeros

back 19

  • when one or more zeros in a large number are significant, they are shown clearly by writing the number in scientific notation

front 20

Exact Numbers

back 20

  • numbers obtained by counting items
  • not measured
  • do not have limited number of significant figures
  • do not affect the number of significant figures in a calculated answer

front 21

Examples of Some Exact Numbers

back 21

  • 8 doughnuts
  • 2 baseballs
  • 5 capsules
  • 1 L = 1000 mL
  • 1 m = 100 cm
  • 1 kg = 1000 g
  • 1 ft = 12 in
  • 1 qt = 4 cups
  • 1 lb = 16 oz

front 22

Rules for Rounding Off

back 22

  1. If the first digit to be dropped is 4 or less, then it and all the following digits are simply dropped from the number
  2. If the first digit to be dropped is 5 or greater, then the last retained digit of the number is increased by 1

front 23

Multiplication and Division with Measured Numbers pg. 32

back 23

  • In multiplication or division, the final answer is written so that it has they same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures

front 24

Adding Significant Zeros pg. 32

back 24

  • When the calculator display contains fewer SFs than needed, add one or more significant zeros to obtain the correct number of significant figures

front 25

Addition and Subtraction with SFs pg.32

back 25

  • In addition or subtraction, the final answer is written so that it has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places

front 26

Prefix

back 26

  • can be placed in front of any unit to increase or decrease its size by some factor of 10
  • EXAMPLES:
    • milli....milligram (mg)
    • micro....microgram (mcg)

front 27

Prefixes That Increase the Size of the Unit

back 27

  • tera (T)
    • numerical value: 1,000,000,000,000
    • scientific notation: 1012
    • equality: 1 Ts = 1 x 1012 s or 1 s = 1 x 10-12 Ts
  • giga (G)
    • numerical value: 1,000,000,000
    • scientific notation: 109
    • equality: 1 Gm = 1 x 109 m or 1 m = 1 x 10-12 Gm
  • mega (M)
    • numerical value: 1,000,000
    • scientific notation: 106
    • equality: 1 Mg = 1 x 106 g or 1 g = 1 x 10-6 Mg
  • kilo (k)
    • numerical value: 1,000
    • scientific notation: 103
    • equality: 1 km = 1 x 103 m or 1 m = 1 x 10-3 km

front 28

Prefixes That Decrease the Size of the Unit

back 28

  • deci (d)
    • numerical value: 0.1
    • scientific notation: 10-1
    • equality: 1 dL = 1 x 10-1 L or 1 L = 10 dL
  • centi (c)
    • numerical value: 0.01
    • scientific notation: 10-2
    • equality: 1 cm = 1 x 10-2 m or 1m = 100 cm
  • milli (m)
    • numerical value: 0.001
    • scientific notation: 10-3
    • equality: 1 ms = 1 x 10-3 s or 1 s = 1 x 103 ms
  • micro (µ*)
    • numerical value: 0.000001
    • Scientific notation: 10-6
    • equality: 1 µg = 1 x 10-6 g or 1 g = 1 x 106 µg
  • nano (n)
    • numerical value: 0.000000001
    • scientific notation: 10-9
    • equality: 1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m or 1 m = 1 x 109 nm
  • pico (p)
    • numerical value: 0.000000000001
    • scientific notation: 10-12
    • equality: 1 ps = 1 x 10-12 s or 1 s = 1 x 1012 ps

front 29

Equalities

back 29

  • show the relationship between two units that measure the same quantitiy
    • 1 m = 100 cm.... = 1 x 102 cm
    • 1 m = 1000 mm... 1 x 103 mm
    • 1 cm = 10 mm... 1 x 101 mm

front 30

Cubic Centimeter

(abbreviated: cm3 or cc)

back 30

  • the volume of a cube whose dimension are 1 cm on each side
  • has the same volume as a millimeter
  • 1 cm3 or cc = 1 mL

front 31

Measuring Mass

back 31

  • 1 kg = 1000 g... = 1 x 103 g
  • 1 g = 1000 mg... = 1 x 103 mg
  • 1 g = 100 cg... = 1 x 102 cg
  • 1 mg = 1000 mcg... = 1 x 103 mcg

front 32

Conversion Factors

back 32

  • any equality written as fraction, with one of the quantities in the numerator and the other in the denominator

front 33

Equalities (conversion)

back 33

  • uses two different units to describe the same measure amount
  • written for relationship between units of the metric system, U.S. units, or between metric and U.S. units
  • EXAMPLES:
    • 1 m = 1000 mm
    • 1 lb = 16 oz
    • 2.20 lb = 1 kg

front 34

Equalities: Conversion Factors & SF

back 34

  • the numbers in:
    • any equality between two metric units or between two U.S system units are obtained by definition and are exact number
    • a definition are exact and are not used to determine SFs
    • an equality between metric and U.S units contain one number obtained by measurement and count toward the significant figures
    • Exception: The equality 1 in. = 2.54 cm has been defined as an exact relationship, 2.54 is an exact number

front 35

Conversion Factors From a Percentage

back 35

  • a percent factor gives the ratio of the parts to the whole and uses
    • the same unit in the numerator and denominator
    • uses the value of 100 and can be written as two factors

front 36

Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion

back 36

  • requires one or more conversion factors to change a given unit to the needed unit
  • problem solving requires indentification of:
    • the given quantity units
    • the units needed
    • conversion factors that connect the given and needed units
  • given unit x one or more conversion factors = needed unit

front 37

Density

back 37

  • compares the mass of an object to its volume

front 38

Volume Displacement

back 38

  • A solid
    • completely emerged in eater displaces its own volume of water
    • has a volume calculated from the volume difference