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199 notecards = 50 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Breast

front 1

How many women will develop breast cancer?

back 1

1 in 8

front 2

True or False?

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in middle aged women

back 2

True

front 3

When should a breast scan be performed?

back 3

a mass is located by palpation or mammography

front 4

What is the primary reason for breast sonography?

back 4

differentiate between

simple cysts

complex cysts

solid masses

front 5

Why is breast sonography at a disadvantage on young women?

back 5

less fat and more parenchyma.

front 6

what type of machines are used on breast exams?

back 6

state of art

less than 5 years

front 7

What type of transducer should be used on breast exams?

back 7

7 MHz - 12 MHz linear

front 8

What should you do if you find a mass larger than the footprint of the transducer?

back 8

change to a curvilinear

front 9

What is said about the sonographer of breast exams?

back 9

breast exams are operator dependent and so should be experienced

front 10

True or False?

Multiple focuses give better resolution.

back 10

true

but temporal resolution takes a hit

front 11

Where is the retromammary layer located?

back 11

in the pectoralis muscles

front 12

Where are the acini cells?

back 12

within the lobules

front 13

What are acini cells?

back 13

milk producing cells

front 14

lobules + lobules + lobules =

back 14

lobe

front 15

where are lymphatic vessels in the breast?

back 15

run from the acini cells to the nipple

front 16

What are ducts made up of?

back 16

basement membrane and a ductal epithelium

front 17

True or False?

Ductal epithelium are contractile.

back 17

True

front 18

Why does dynamic range improve imaging?

back 18

by adding more shades of gray and may demonstrate subtle tissue differences

front 19

Why are neither color or power Doppler reliable in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions?

back 19

both may demonstrate internal flow

front 20

Why is Doppler helpful during a breast exam?

back 20

distinguishing

solid vs cystic - flow confirms a solid

inflamed vs noninflamed - increased flow

complex cyst vs intraductal papilloma

front 21

True or False?

Doppler can positively confirm solid vs cystic lesions

back 21

False

flow confirms a solid

flow does NOT confirm cystic

front 22

Explain the sonographic appearance of cysts.

back 22

anechoic and circular

thin walls

through transmission

front 23

What is the superficial fascia?

back 23

triangular bag that contains the contents of the breast

contained within the subcutaneous layer anterior to the mammary layer

front 24

Breast anterior to posterior

back 24

skin

subcutaneous layer

mammary layer

retromammary space

muscle layer

chest wall

front 25

How thick is the skin on the breast?

back 25

.5 - 2 mm

front 26

How many lactiferous ducts openings in the nipple?

back 26

15-20

front 27

What does the nipple consist of?

back 27

nerve endings & lactiferous ducts

front 28

What is the areola?

back 28

area of dark pigmentation

front 29

What are Montgomery's glands

back 29

small bumps

front 30

What does the subcutaneous layer primarily consist of?

back 30

fat

front 31

True or False?

Breast fat increases with age

back 31

True

front 32

Does the Fat extend behind the nipple?

back 32

NO

front 33

Explain the sonographic appearance of the subcutaneous layer of the breast.

back 33

multiple

homegenous

midlevel gray

lobule structures separated by brightly echogenic ligaments

front 34

Where are the cooper's ligaments?

back 34

runs between superficial to deep layers

extends from the clavicle and the pectoralis muscles to the skin

front 35

What is the sonographic appearance of Cooper's ligaments?

back 35

thin brightly echogenic membranes separating fat lobules

front 36

What is the purpose of Cooper's ligaments?

back 36

provide skeletal framework of the breast

front 37

Why can Cooper's ligaments be a pitfall?

back 37

may cause acoustic shadowing

front 38

What is another name for the Mammary layer?

back 38

parenchymal

Glandular layer

front 39

What is the Tail of Spence?

back 39

portion of the glandular tissue that extends into the axilla

front 40

What does the mammary layer consist of?

back 40

stoma

epithelium

front 41

What is breast stroma?

back 41

supportive tissue in the mammary layer

front 42

What does the stroma consist of?

back 42

interlobular fat

loose and dense connective tissue

cooper's ligaments

front 43

What is Breast Epithelium?

back 43

Functional tissue of the breast

front 44

What does breast epithelium consist of?

back 44

acini

terminal Duct Lobular units TDLU

Lobules

Lobes

Lactiferous ducts

front 45

What are the smallest functional unit in the breast?

back 45

acini cells

front 46

How many acini cells in each breast?

back 46

hundreds

front 47

How many acini cells in each TDLU?

back 47

30

front 48

True or False?

Each acini gives rise to a terminal duct.

back 48

true

front 49

What is the order of the breast?

back 49

Acini (30)

TDLU (lots)

Lobules (10-15)

Lobes (15-20)

Breast

front 50

What is a TDLU

back 50

terminal Duct Lobular units

front 51

What is the usual measurement for the TDLU?

back 51

2 mm or less

front 52

Where does almost all breast pathology originate?

back 52

TDLU

front 53

How many acini and terminal ducts form a lobule?

back 53

30

front 54

How many lobules make up a lobe

back 54

10-15

front 55

How many lobes in a breast?

back 55

15 to 20

front 56

What emerges from each from lobe and travels toward the nipple?

back 56

lactiferous duct

front 57

What carries milk?

back 57

lactiferous duct

acini to nipple

front 58

What are the lactiferous ducts called arising from the acini?

back 58

terminal ducts

front 59

What are the lactiferous ducts called in the lobules?

back 59

intralobular

front 60

What are the lactiferous ducts called in the lobes?

back 60

extralobular

front 61

What are the lactiferous ducts beneath the areola?

back 61

lactiferous sinus

front 62

What are the two muscles of the breast?

back 62

pectoralis major

pectoralis minor

front 63

Where does the pectoralis minor arise?

back 63

3rd, 4th and 5th ribs

front 64

Where does the pectoralis major arise?

back 64

clavicle and costal cartilage of the sternum

front 65

Which muscle is anterior?

back 65

pectoralis major

front 66

What causes breast development?

back 66

hormonal stimulation by the ovaries

front 67

What does Estrogen stimulate in the breast?

back 67

elongation

increase in connective tissue

adipose tissue

vascularity

front 68

What does progesterone stimulate in the breast?

back 68

growth of TDLU

front 69

What are the menstrual Breast changes during days 1-5?

back 69

decrease in size

front 70

What are the menstrual Breast changes during days 6-9?

back 70

Menstrual post

front 71

What are the menstrual Breast changes during days 6-13?

back 71

proliferated or production of acini cells TDLU

front 72

What are the menstrual Breast changes during days 13-28?

back 72

Secretory - ducts enlarge edematous

front 73

What happens to the breast in the early stage of pregnancy?

back 73

lactiferous ducts increase in size

front 74

What happens to the breast in the late stage of pregnancy?

back 74

stroma is crowded and displaced

front 75

What stimulates the production of milk?

back 75

prolactin dominates after birth and acini cells secrete milk

front 76

When do ducts and lobules return to their normal size after pregnancy?

back 76

3 months after termination of breast feeding

front 77

What happens to the breast during menopause?

back 77

Shrivel and roll forward

loose - dense

dense - stoma

strom - fat

front 78

What two main arteries supply the breast?

back 78

Lateral Thoracic

Internal Mammary

front 79

Where does the Lateral Thoracic Artery arise from?

back 79

the axillary artery

front 80

Where does the Internal Mammary Artery arise from?

back 80

subclavian artery

front 81

What are the secondary arterial supplies of the breast?

back 81

Thoracoacromial artery

intercostal artery

front 82

What artery is used for the CABG procedure?

back 82

Internal Mammary

front 83

What veins drain the breast?

back 83

Internal Mammary Vein

Axillary Vein

Subclavian Vein

Intercostal Veins

front 84

How does breast cancer most frequently spread?

back 84

blood flow routes

front 85

What vein is commonly blamed for breast cancer metastasis to ribs?

back 85

Intercostal Veins - communicates with vertebral veins

front 86

What is the most common metastasis of Breast Cancer?

back 86

bone

lung

liver

front 87

Why is the axillary lymph node chain important in predicting the spread of breast cancer?

back 87

75% of lymphatic drainage is the the axilla

front 88

How do you identify the sentinel lymph node

back 88

A surgeon injects a radioactive substance, a blue dye, or both near the tumor to locate the position of the sentinel lymph node. The surgeon then uses a device that detects radioactivity to find the sentinel node or looks for lymph nodes that are stained with the blue dye.

front 89

Why is the sentinel lymph node important?

back 89

if the sentinel lymph node is clear then the rest will be clear.

front 90

Explain the Lymphatic drainage of the breast.

back 90

Most lymphatics of the breast first drain superficially to the anterior mammary fascia.

Then to the periareolar plexus and the axilla

front 91

What is the most common cancer to metastasize to the breast?

back 91

Melanoma

front 92

True or False?

Metastatic disease of the breast from another primary cancer is uncommon.

back 92

True

front 93

What is the pancake view?

back 93

medio-lateral oblique

front 94

What is the omelet view?

back 94

cranio-caudal

front 95

What is a stand-off pad

back 95

allows for greater detail in the superficial layers of the breast

front 96

What is the ideal thickness of a stand-off pad?

back 96

1 cm

front 97

What would you explain to the patient about a breast exam?

back 97

The sonographer should explain to the patient that the exam is being performed to visualize the breast and to investigate mammogram findings

front 98

How should a patient dress for a breast exam?

back 98

The patient should undress from the waist up and wear a hospital gown open in the front.

front 99

What transducer should be used on a breast exam?

back 99

7 – 12 MHz linear array transducer

front 100

What do you do if the mass is larger than the footprint?

back 100

change to a curvilinear probe.

front 101

What positions should be used for a breast exam?

back 101

Supine

Supine oblique may be used for the lateral margin of the breast

front 102

What are the scan planes for a breast exam?

back 102

radial and anti-radial, sagittal and Transverse

Radial plane – runs parallel to the ducts, the transducer is held at a radial plane with the nipple in the center.

Anti-radial plane – runs perpendicular to the ducts

front 103

What is a radial & anti-radial scan plane?

back 103

radial - runs parallel to the ducts, the transducer is held at a radial plane with the nipple in the center.

Anti-radial plane – runs perpendicular to the ducts

front 104

What techniques can be used during a breast exam?

back 104

Fremitus: Have the patient hum with power Doppler, everything lights up except for mass

Ipsilateral arm is raised above the head -- provides a more stable scanning surface

Stand-off pad to visualize superficial structures

Gentle but firm pressure - forces tissues into a parallel plane

front 105

Describe the anatomy of the breast.

back 105

The breast lies anterior to the 6th rib and pectoralis muscles. Breast tissue is supported by cooper’s ligaments that extend from deep muscle fascia to the skin. The breast is described in layers.

front 106

What does the Subcutaneous Layer consist of?

back 106

Consists of skin and adipose tissue.

front 107

What does the Mammary Layer consist of?

back 107

Consists of 15 to 20 lobes containing glandular tissue, ducts, fat lobules and connective tissue.

front 108

What does the Retromammary Layer consist of?

back 108

Consists of fat lobules, connective tissue and muscle.

front 109

What are appropriate reasons for the breast exam?

back 109

Mass found by palpitation

Mass found by mammogram

Differentiate

  • Simple cyst
  • Complex cyst
  • Solid mass

front 110

What are appropriate History Questions for a breast exam?

back 110

When was the last time you had menstrual Period?

Are you in pain?

Where is your pain located?

How long have you been in pain?

How long does the pain last and does it go away?

Are you experiencing any other symptoms?

Do you have a family history of breast cancer?

Have you had any lab work done?

front 111

What are the required images in a breast exam?

back 111

Document the lesion in at least two planes.

  • Lesions
  • Lesion w/measurements

front 112

What is the sonographic appearance of the Subcutaneous Layer?

back 112

Most superficial layer, The skin appears as a hyperechoic border. Inferior to the skin is the subcutaneous fat lobules which appear as low-level echoes with hyperechoic margins

front 113

What is the sonographic appearance of the Mammary Layer?

back 113

Mix between fat and glandular tissue, Depending on the fat content the parenchyma can appear highly echogenic with little fat or areas of low echogenicity mixed with areas of high echogenicity.

front 114

What is the sonographic appearance of the Retromammary Layer?

back 114

Generally hypoechoic relative to the mammary layer. Inferior to the breast the pectoralis muscle can be seen as a hypoechoic area.

.

front 115

What is the sonographic appearance of breasts in young patients?

back 115

Young patients have little fat and dense breasts will appear highly echogenic.

front 116

What is the sonographic appearance of breasts in child-bearing age patients?

back 116

Women of child-bearing age have an increase in fibrous tissue and dense connective tissue which will cause the breast to be highly echogenic.

front 117

What is the sonographic appearance of breasts in post-menopausal patients?

back 117

As the patient ages the glandular tissue shrinks. The breast appears hypoechoic

front 118

What are normal variants of breasts?

back 118

Amastia

Polymastia

Athelia

Amazia

Unilateral early ripening

Nipple inversion

front 119

What is Amastia?

back 119

complete absence of one or both breasts

front 120

What is Polymastia ?

back 120

an accessory breast

front 121

What is Athelia ?

back 121

an accessory nipple

front 122

What is Amazia ?

back 122

nipple but no breast tissue

front 123

What are the measurements for a breast exam?

back 123

Simple cyst: record at least greatest dimensions

Solid lesions: record all 3 dimensions

Multiple lesions: record largest and smallest

Ducts: 2-3 mm

front 124

What are benign conditions?

back 124

noncancerous disorders that can affect the breast

Sonographic Appearance:

Round, oval

Wider than tall

Thin walls

Anechoic, hyperechoic, homogenous

Posterior enhancement

Edge shadowing

Calcifications

Along Fibrous planes

Ducts measure 2-3 mm

Doppler – no flow

Presentation: breast lump, redness, pain, tenderness swelling, multiple cysts, palpable superficial, spherical nodule, discharge, nipple retraction , feeling of fullness, subareolar thickenin

front 125

What is the Sonographic Appearance of benign breast lesions?

back 125

Round, oval

Wider than tall

Thin walls

Anechoic, hyperechoic, homogenous

Posterior enhancement

Ducts measure 2-3 mm

Doppler – no flow

front 126

What are the presentations of women with benign breast conditions?

back 126

breast lump

redness

pain

tenderness swelling

multiple cysts

palpable superficial

spherical nodule

discharge

nipple retraction

feeling of fullness

subareolar thickening

front 127

What are Malignant conditions?

back 127

cancerous disorders that can affect the breast

front 128

What is the Sonographic Appearance of malignant breast lesions?

back 128

Taller than wide

Angular, ill-defined, microlobulations

Thick borders

Echogenic halo

Almost anechoic, heterogenous

Shadowing

Color Doppler - more peripheral and internal flow

Invade tissue planes

front 129

What is a simple cyst?

back 129

benign breast condition

Very common in women ages 35 to 50

Results from obstructed duct or hormonal changes

Regress after menopause

Presentation: breast lump, pain & tenderness

front 130

What is the Sonographic Appearance of simple cysts?

back 130

Oval or round

anechoic

smooth walls

well circumscribed shape

posterior enhancement

edge refraction

sharp anterior and posterior borders

reverberation

front 131

What is a Complex Cysts?

back 131

benign breast condition

contain some low level internal echotexture or intra-cystic debris.

Risk of malignancy among complicated breast cysts is thought to be 0.3-2%

front 132

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Complex Cysts?

back 132

Low to medium echogenicity

Irregular walls

hetertogenous

fluid filled levels

septations

wall thickening

debris

varying degrees of shadowing

front 133

What are the presentations of Complex Cysts?

back 133

breast lump

front 134

What is Galactocele?

back 134

benign breast condition

Milk filled cyst, results from obstructed duct after childbirth

front 135

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Galactocele?

back 135

Round

Hyperechoic

Homeogenous

front 136

What are the presentations of Galactocele?

back 136

breast lump

front 137

What is a Sebaceous Cyst?

back 137

benign breast condition

Superficial, sebum containing, results from obstructed sebaceous gland

front 138

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Sebaceous Cyst?

back 138

Small

Hypoechoic

Close to the skin surface

Through transmission

No detectable vascular flow

Hypo- and hyperechoic alternating rings

A characteristic track may be seen extending into the skin surface

front 139

What are the presentations of Sebaceous Cyst?

back 139

breast lump

front 140

What is Fibrocystic Condition?

back 140

benign breast condition

Produce tissue alterations in both epithelial and connective tissue. Fluctuates with normal hormonal cycles

front 141

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Fibrocystic Condition?

back 141

Multiple cysts

Well circumscribed thins walls

Increased fibrous stroma

front 142

What are the presentations of Fibrocystic Condition?

back 142

multiple cysts, pain & tenderness.

front 143

What is Fibroadenoma?

back 143

benign breast condition

Estrogen related tumor. Most common benign solid tumor of the breast.

Primarily in young women

front 144

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Fibroadenoma?

back 144

Oval

Gently lobulated

Hyperechoic

Uniform echogenicity

Smooth distinct borders

Wider than tall

Enhancement

Edge shadowing

Arise from TDLU

Pseudo-encapsulated

front 145

What are the presentations of Fibroadenoma?

back 145

Painless palpable mass, firm rubbery

front 146

What is Lipoma?

back 146

benign breast condition

Encapsulated tumor of mature adipose tissue.

front 147

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Lipoma?

back 147

Well-defined

Oval

Thin smooth walls

Homeogenous

hyperechoic

Isoechoic with fat

Enhancement

Edge shadowing

no calcification

front 148

What are the presentations of Lipoma?

back 148

Asymptomatic, painless palpable breast lump which is soft and mobile

front 149

What is Fat Necrosis?

back 149

benign breast condition

May be caused by trauma to the breast or other disease present

front 150

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Fat Necrosis?

back 150

Irregular complex mass

Low-level echoes

Edge shadowing

Separate from breast parenchyma

Mimic malignant tumor

front 151

What are the presentations of Fat Necrosis?

back 151

palpable superficial, spherical nodule

front 152

What is Acute Mastitis?

back 152

benign breast condition

Inflammation of the breast, lactational is most common. Antibiotics

front 153

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Acute Mastitis?

back 153

Blurred tissue planes

Skin thickening

Ductal dilation

Increased color flow

front 154

What are the presentations of Acute Mastitis?

back 154

localized or whole breast, Redness, pain and swelling

front 155

What is Chronic Mastitis?

back 155

benign breast condition

Inflammation of the glandular tissue, usually found in older women

front 156

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Chronic Mastitis?

back 156

Difficult to differentiate by ultrasound

Diffused echo patterns

Thickening of connective tissue

front 157

What are the presentations of Chronic Mastitis?

back 157

discharge, nipple retraction, subareolar thickening

front 158

What is Abscess?

back 158

benign breast condition

complication of mastitis, usually in subareolar region

front 159

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Abscess?

back 159

hyperechoic

Complex

Irregular borders

Posterior enhancement

Skin thickening

Increased color flow

front 160

What are the presentations of Abscess?

back 160

painful lump, swelling, nipple discharge

front 161

What is Gynecomastia?

back 161

benign breast condition

Enlargement of the male breast

Causes include – hormonal changes, testicular failure, neoplasm, marijuana, klinefelters (XXY)

Lab Values: ↑Estrogen, ↓Testosterone

front 162

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Gynecomastia?

back 162

nodular pattern

dendritic pattern

diffuse glandular pattern

front 163

What is Cystosarcoma?

back 163

benign breast condition

A rare disease mostly benign breast neoplasm

front 164

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Cystosarcoma?

back 164

Large

Hypoechoic tumor

Well-defined

Decreased through transmission

Fine or course internal echoes

Variable amounts of shadowing

front 165

What are the presentations of Cystosarcoma?

back 165

small breast mass that suddenly enlarges

front 166

What is Intraductal Papilloma?

back 166

benign breast condition

Benign tumor originating from the ductal epithelium and projecting into the lumen of the duct. Commonly in women ages 35 to 55.

front 167

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Intraductal Papilloma?

back 167

Less than 2 mm

Subareolar region

broad-based

pedunculated

fibrovascular stalk

front 168

What are the presentations of Intraductal Papilloma?

back 168

bloody discharge, feeling of fullness or pain in the areola

front 169

What is Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DSIS)?

back 169

malignant breast condition

Most common non-invasive breast cancer. Arises from the TDLU, malignant changes of the ductal epithelium without extension past basement membrane.

Excellent cure rate

front 170

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DSIS)?

back 170

Calcifications

Ductal enlargements

Extensions within the ducts

front 171

What is Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)?

back 171

malignant breast condition

80% of Breast cancer. Begin in the duct and invade the fatty tissue. Potential for metastases

front 172

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)?

back 172

Calcifications

Ductal enlargements

Invasion of the breast parenchyma

front 173

What is Lobular Carcinoma in Situ(LCIS)?

back 173

malignant breast condition

precancerous, considered lobular neoplasm.

front 174

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Lobular Carcinoma in Situ(LCIS)?

back 174

Confined to the gland

Difficult to distinguish with sonograms

front 175

What is Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)?

back 175

malignant breast condition

10 to 15% of breast cancer, begins in the duct and invades the fatty tissue. Potential for metastases.

front 176

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)?

back 176

Begins in the lobule

Extends into fatty tissue

Bilateral

Multicentric

multifocal

front 177

What is Comedocarcinoma?

back 177

malignant breast condition

Intraductal solid carcinoma ducts filled with yellow paste-like that resembles a plug.

front 178

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Comedocarcinoma?

back 178

Microcalcifications

Irregular borders

Diffuse internal echoes

shadowing

front 179

What are the presentations of Comedocarcinoma?

back 179

pain, sensation of insects crawling, nipple retraction, dominant mass, clear discharge

front 180

What is Juvenile Breast Cancer?

back 180

malignant breast condition

Similar to DCIS & IDC found in girls 8 to 15.

front 181

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Juvenile Breast Cancer?

back 181

Calcifications

Ductal enlargements

Extensions within the ducts

front 182

What is Papillary Carcinoma?

back 182

malignant breast condition

Tumor that arises as an intraductal mass. 1% – 2% of Breast Cancer

front 183

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Papillary Carcinoma?

back 183

Hypoechoic solid mass

Posterior enhancement

Complex cystic and solid masses may be evident.

Relatively vascular

front 184

What are the presentations of Papillary Carcinoma?

back 184

bloody discharge, palpable mass

front 185

What is Paget’s Disease?

back 185

malignant breast condition

Rare tumor, arises in the retroareolar duct and grows toward the nipple.

Women over 50

front 186

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Paget’s Disease?

back 186

Retroareolar Mass

Irregular borders

Hetergenous internal echoes

Posterior enhancement

front 187

What are the presentations of Paget’s Disease?

back 187

rash—like appearance

front 188

What is Scirrhous Carcinoma?

back 188

malignant breast condition

intraductal tumor with extensive fibrous tissue.

front 189

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Scirrhous Carcinoma?

back 189

Focal calcifications

Dense

fibrous

front 190

What are the presentations of Scirrhous Carcinoma?

back 190

firm nodule, nonmovable mass

front 191

What is Medullary Carcinoma?

back 191

malignant breast condition

densely cellular tumor.

front 192

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Medullary Carcinoma?

back 192

Large

Resemble fibroadenoma

Oval

Gently lobulated

Hyperechoic

Uniform echogenicity

Smooth distinct borders

Wider than tall

Enhancement

Edge shadowing

front 193

What are the presentations of Medullary Carcinoma?

back 193

Discoloration of the overlying skin, bilateral

front 194

What is Colloid Carcinoma?

back 194

malignant breast condition

rare ductal carcinoma 3% of breast cancer

front 195

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Colloid Carcinoma?

back 195

Salt & Pepper echotexture

Resemble fibroadenoma

Oval

Gently lobulated

Hyperechoic

Uniform echogenicity

Smooth distinct borders

Wider than tall

Enhancement

Edge shadowing

front 196

What are the presentations of Colloid Carcinoma?

back 196

slow-growing, smooth non-firm palpable mass.

front 197

What is Tubular Carcinoma?

back 197

malignant breast condition

Infectious cystic disease common in sheep herders, a tapeworm that infects.

front 198

What is the Sonographic Appearance of Tubular Carcinoma?

back 198

Heterogeneous

Hypoechoic mass

Angular or ill-defined margins

Posterior shadowing

front 199

What are the presentations of Tubular Carcinoma?

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firm palpable mass