front 1 What are the special senses in humans? | back 1 Vision Taste Smell Hearing Equilibrium |
front 2 How do special senses differ from general senses? | back 2 General:Scattered throughout the body, and relatively simple in structure Special: are localized by their respective sensory organ. |
front 3 What is the sequence of structures and fluids that light rays must pass through to reach the retina? | back 3 conjuctiva, cornea, anterior segment, margin of pupil, lens, ciliary body, ciliary process, ciliary zonule, posterior segment, retina. |
front 4 Which of the eye structures does most of the refraction of light rays? | back 4 cornea |
front 5 What is astigmatism? | back 5 a condition in which unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens of the eye lead to blurred vision. |
front 6 How does the ANS control pupil diameter? | back 6 The parasympathetic controls constriction and the sympathetic controls dilation |
front 7 How does the ANS control changes in lens shape during accommodation (how does the ciliary muscle change lens shape when viewing a near versus distant object)? | back 7 For near objects, the ciliary muscle relaxes and the lens flattens. For distant objects, the ciliary muscle contracts and the lens bulges. |
front 8 What are the layers of cells that constitute the retina? | back 8 horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells |
front 9 In which direction does light pass through these cell layers in the retina? | back 9 horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion?? |
front 10 Which neurons of the retina form the optic nerve? | back 10 ganglion cells |
front 11 How do rods and cones differ anatomically? | back 11 Rods contain rhodopsin; they are for black and white. Cones contain retinal; they are for colors. |
front 12 What is the outer segment? | back 12 contains visual pigment molecules |
front 13 What is photodissociation? | back 13 bleaching of visual pigments |
front 14 What is rhodopsin? | back 14 visual pigment made of retinal and opsin |
front 15 What is retinal? | back 15 protein derived from vitamin A |
front 16 What is opsin? | back 16 protein that helps make up rhodopsin and is activated by light. |
front 17 Why is vitamin A important for vision? | back 17 retinal comes from vitamin A |
front 18 What vision problem occurs as a result of vitamin A deficiency? | back 18 night blindness |
front 19 What is responsible for dark adaptation? | back 19 rhodopsin |
front 20 How are action potentials (nerve impulses) generated in the optic nerve when light strikes the photoreceptors? | back 20 phototransduction closes the Na channels; no release of inhibitory neurotransmitter |
front 21 What are the types of cones? | back 21 red, green, blue |
front 22 How do the different types of cones differ? | back 22 Each type contains retinal attached to different types of opsin red(560 nm), green(530 nm), blue(420 nm) |
front 23 What anatomical features of the retina are responsible for producing high visual sensitivity? | back 23 rods |
front 24 What anatomical features of the retina are responsible for producing high visual acuity? | back 24 cones |
front 25 What are the relative distribution of rods and cones in the retina? | back 25 way more rods than cones |
front 26 What is the extent of neuronal convergence from these photoreceptors to the ganglion cells? | back 26 Extensive neuronal convergence from rods; no neuronal convergence from cones. |
front 27 What is myopia? | back 27 nearsightedness |
front 28 What is hyperopia? | back 28 farsightedness |
front 29 What produces conditions of hyperopia? | back 29 the eye is too short |
front 30 How do corrective lenses compensate for myopia? | back 30 concave lenses |
front 31 How do corrective lenses compensate for hyperopia? | back 31 convex lenses |
front 32 What is glaucoma? | back 32 inadequate drainage of aqueous humor |
front 33 What produces glaucoma? | back 33 high intraocular pressure damages optic nerve |
front 34 What is cataract? | back 34 inadequate delivery of nutrients to deeper lens fibers |
front 35 What produces cataract? | back 35 clumping of crystallin proteins |
front 36 What types of receptors are responsible for the sense of taste? | back 36 taste buds aka taste cells or taste hairs |
front 37 What types of receptors are responsible for the sense of olfaction? | back 37 olfactory cells |
front 38 How are taste receptors stimulated? | back 38 dissolved molecules bind to protein receptors |
front 39 How are olfaction receptors stimulated? | back 39 volatile molecules bind to protein receptors |
front 40 How many different odors can humans distinguish? | back 40 more than 1 trillion |
front 41 How many different tastes can humans distinguish? | back 41 five |
front 42 What are the tastes that humans can distinguish? | back 42 salty, sweet, sour, bitter, savory |
front 43 What structures are located in the outer ear region? | back 43 auditory canal, tympanic membrane |
front 44 What structures are located in the middle ear region? | back 44 tympanic membrane, auditory tube, oval window |
front 45 What structures are located in the inner ear region? | back 45 oval window, cochlea, auditory tube |
front 46 What is the sequence of events that leads to generation of action potentials in cochlear nerve? | back 46 Sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane, the vibration moves ossicles, stapes move oval window, pressure waves created in fluid inside cochlea, pressure waves in cochlear fluid move the basilar membrane, hair cells in spiral organ are bent, bending of hair cells opens K+ channels of sterocilia, K+ inflow --> depolarization --> Ca influx --> release of glutamate --> APs in cochlear nerve fibers |
front 47 What are the sensory receptor cells for hearing? | back 47 cochlear hair cells |
front 48 Where are the sensory receptor cells for hearing located? | back 48 cochlea of the inner ear |
front 49 How does transduction occur in hearing receptors? | back 49 outer modify responsiveness of inner |
front 50 What is the reflex mechanism for preventing damage to hearing receptor cells when you are exposed to very loud sounds? | back 50 stapedius and tensor tympani limit movements from loud sounds |
front 51 How does the ear detect differences in pitch of sound? | back 51 high pitch stimulates basilar membrane close to the oval window low pitch stimulates basilar membrane farther from oval window |
front 52 What types of problems can lead to conduction deafness? | back 52 auditory canal blockage, inflamed middle ear, abnormal bone growth near middle ear, damage to tympanic membrane |
front 53 What types of problems can lead to sensorineural deafness? | back 53 loss of cochlear hair cells |
front 54 Which structures of the inner ear are involved in sensory perception for balance? | back 54 hair cells in the inner ear |
front 55 What are the sensory receptor cells for balance? | back 55 hair cells, visual receptors, somatic receptors(proprioceptors) |
front 56 Where are the sensory receptor cells for balance located? | back 56 ear, eyes, neck, trunk, limbs |
front 57 What are the stimuli for the balance (vestibular) receptors in these structures? | back 57 gravity and inertia |
front 58 What are the motor responses for vestibular information? | back 58 reflexive eye movements, motion sickness |