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66 notecards = 17 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Lymphatic System

front 1

General Functions of the Lymphatic System

back 1

1. Help maintain H20/electrolyte balance
2. Help defend body tissues from infections
3. Absorb fats

front 2

How does the lymphatic system help maintain water/electrolyte balance?

back 2

By moving excess interstitial fluid (ISF) from interstitial spaces (ISS) into lymph, and back into blood.

front 3

How does the lymphatic system help defend body tissues from infections?

back 3

1. "Filtering" pathogens from lymph
2. Supporting immune activities of lymphocytes & macrophages

front 4

Where/how does the lymphatic system absorb fats?

back 4

From intestines via lacteals to reduce blood vicosity

front 5

Lymph Formation

back 5

1. Hydrostatic pressure forces plasma from blood capillaries into ISS, where it becomes ISF
2. Some ISF becomes ICF, transcellular fluid (TCF) or blood via osmotic pressure
3. Remaining ISF is moved by hydrostatic pressure into highly permeable ends of lymphatic capillaries and become "lymph"

front 6

How many liters of water and plasma protein enter the interstitial spaces each day?

back 6

2-4 liters of water
1/4 to 1/2 of plasma protein

front 7

Interstitial

back 7

extra-cellular spaces in tissues

front 8

What does transcellular fluid (TCF) include?

back 8

1. Cerebral Spinal fluid (CSF)
2. Synovial fluids
3. Peritoneal fluid
4. Plural fluid
5. Pericardial fluid
6. Fluids in the eye
7. Fluids in the digestive system
8. Fluids in the urinary system
9. Fluids in the respiratory tract

front 9

What is lymph?

back 9

It is essentially ISF that has entered the lymphatic pathway

front 10

What ions does lymph contain high concentrations of?

back 10

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-

front 11

What ions does lymph contain low concentrations of?

back 11

K+
CA 2+
MG 2+
PO4 3-
SO4 2-

front 12

What are the major lymphatic organs?

back 12

1. Lymph Nodes
2. Thymus
3. Spleen
4. Mucosa/Gut - Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT or GALT)

front 13

back 13

Cervical lymph nodes

front 14

back 14

Axillary lymph nodes

front 15

back 15

Inguinal lymph nodes

front 16

Lymph Nodes - Structure

back 16

Bean-shaped
Encapsulated by dense fibrous connective tissue containing many nodules within many sinuses

front 17

Nodules

back 17

Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages

front 18

Lymph Nodes - Function

back 18

Produce lymphocytes

front 19

Lymphocytes

back 19

Help macrophages "filter" lymph by removing pathogens and foreign substances from lymph before it enters venous blood.

front 20

back 20

Thymus

front 21

Thymus - Location

back 21

Anterior surface of mediastinum
Anterior to aortic arch
Inferior to manubrium

front 22

Thymus - Structure

back 22

Soft bi-lobed immune organ composed of lymphatic tissue and subdivided into lobules containing large numbers of lymphocytes

front 23

Thymus - Function

back 23

Produce & Secrete hormone Thymosin
-Very large in fetus & grows slightly during childhood
-After age 14 begins to undergo involution & becomes quite small in adults
-In the elderly, has been replaced almost entirely by fibrous and fatty tissue. Is barely distinguishable

front 24

Thymosin

back 24

Stimulatees "undedicated" lymphocytes to develop into "dedicated" T-cells

front 25

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

back 25

Spleen

front 26

back 26

Spleen

front 27

Spleen - Location

back 27

Left hypochondriac region

front 28

Spleen - Structure

back 28

Similar to a large lymph node
Encapsulated and subdivided into lobules with blood filled spaces and nodules containing lymphocytes

front 29

What are the four MAJOR functions of the spleen?

back 29

1. Serves as a blood reservoir at prolonged periods of inactivity
2. Storage site for thrombocytes and hemoglobin breakdown products
3. Site for lymphocytic proliferation. (multiplication of lymphocytes)
4. One of the sites for destruction of aged/defective RBCs and pathogens

front 30

Why is the spleen known as the erythrocyte graveyard?

back 30

That is where it recycles/destroys red blood cells and other pathogens

front 31

Other functions/characteristics of the spleen

back 31

1. Produce blood cells in fetus & sometimes resumes this role in adulthood in extreme cases of anemia
2. help activate defensive immune response
3. Highly vascular - vulnerable to trauma and infection
4. relatively dispensable organ

front 32

What body parts can take over the function of the spleen if it is removed?

back 32

Liver
Bone marrow

front 33

What lymphatic tissues are associated with the mucosa/gut and where are they located?

back 33

1. Tonsils - mouth/throat
2. Peyer's patches - small intestine
3. Vermiform appendix - large intestine

front 34

What are the three sets of tonsils and where are they located?

back 34

1. Palatine - post. oral cavity
2. Lingual - base of tongue
3. Pharyngeal (adenoids when inflamed) - post. wall of nasopharynx

front 35

back 35

Palatine tonsils

front 36

back 36

Lingual tonsils

front 37

back 37

Pharyngeal tonsils

front 38

Tonsils - Structure

back 38

Partially encapsulated lymph nodules containing lymphocytes

front 39

Tonsils - Function

back 39

Gather/remove pathogens from ingested food and inhaled air

front 40

Peyer's patches - Location

back 40

Scattered throughout mucosal lining of ileum

front 41

Peyer's patches - Structure

back 41

Large isolated

front 42

Peyer's patches - Function

back 42

Trap and destroy bacteria in small intestine

front 43

Vermiform Appendix - Location

back 43

Post./Medial surface of cecum

front 44

Vermiform Appendix - Structure

back 44

"Wormlike" tubular structure containing lymphatic tissue

front 45

Vermiform Appendix - Function

back 45

Breeding ground for intestinal flora and lymphatic tissue much like the tonsils

front 46

back 46

Lymphatic capillaries

front 47

back 47

Lymphatic vessels

front 48

Lymph capillaries - Location

back 48

Throughout body in ISS parallel to blood capillaries

front 49

Lymph capillaries - Structure

back 49

Very permeable close-ended tube composed of simple squamous e.

front 50

Lymph capillaries - Function

back 50

Receive excess ISF moved into lymph pathway via osmotic pressure

front 51

Lymph Vessels - Location

back 51

Between lymph capillaries/lymph nodes and lymph nodes/lymph trunks

front 52

Lymph Vessels - Structure

back 52

3 layers similar to veins

front 53

What are the three layers of lymph vessels & what makes them up?

back 53

1. Inner = endothelium with valves
2. Middle = smooth muscle
3. Outer = connective tissue

front 54

How to lymph vessels move lymph?

back 54

By using the milking action of skeletal muscles similar to veins (known as ******)

front 55

Lymph Vessels - Function

back 55

Transport lymph to lymph nodes and lymphatic trunks

front 56

Lymphatic Trunks - Location

back 56

Throughout trunk of body where larger lymphatic vessels merge

front 57

Lymphatic Trunks - Structure

back 57

Similar to veins

front 58

Lymphatic Trunks - Function

back 58

Drain lymph from relatively large regions of the body

front 59

What are the 5 regions of the body where lymphatic trunks train lymph from? (Each lymphatic trunk is named after the region it drains from)

back 59

1. Lumbar
2. Intestinal
3. Bronchomediastinal
4. Subclavian
5. Jugular

front 60

Identify the 5 lymphatic trunks

back 60

1. Intestinal
2. Subclavian
3. Lumbar
4. Jugular
5. Bronchomediastinal

front 61

How many collecting ducts are there and where to they drain?

back 61

2 collecting ducts
Drain into the subclavian vein on its respective side

front 62

Collecting Ducts - Location

back 62

Where groups of lymphatic trunks merge at two locations

front 63

Collecting Ducts - Function

back 63

Receive lymph from lymphatic trunks and empty the collected lymph into venous circulation at junction of Jugular and Subclavian Veins

front 64

Identify the 2 collecting ducts

back 64

1. Right lymphatic duct
2. Thoracic duct

front 65

Right Lymphatic Duct - Location and Function

back 65

-Upper right side of thorax and head. At union of R jugular, subclavian and bronchomdediastinal trunks
-Recieves lymphatic drainage from right arm and right side of thorax and head

front 66

Thoracic Duct - Location and Function

back 66

-Drains L. head/neck, arm, thorax, entire abdomen and both legs.
-Larger and longer with cisterni chyli (expanded upper region in upper abdominal cavity)