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Viewing:

biology 3rd

front 1

Mitosis divide cells to produce what?

back 1

identical daughter cells

front 2

What is Mitosis essential for? (function) List all 2.

back 2

1. Growth and development
2. reproduction
3. tissue renewal

front 3

What are the 3 subphases of interphase?

back 3

1. G1- gap phase
2. S- Synthesis
3. G2- 2nd gap phase

front 4

What does each of the 3 subphases responsible for?
G1, Synthesis, G2 (2 idea)

back 4

1. G1- cellular growth, doubles organelle & membrane mass & cytoplasm
2. synthesis- DNA is DUPLICATED
3. G2- continue growth, prepare for cell division

front 5

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell? How many are in ONE set?

back 5

46 chromosomes
23- each parents

front 6

What does Chromatin consist of? What does it do?

back 6

DNA+ protein
Helps organize the DNA

front 7

What is the difference between chromosome, chromatIDS, and chromatIN

back 7

chromosome- consist of two into one whole
chromatids- "sisters" two pairs of dna
chromatINS- DNA+ protein that organize DNA

front 8

During what phase do sister chromatids separate? What happened?

back 8

Anaphase.
Centromere splits so each chromatID (two) is now a chromosome (one)

front 9

During which phase do chromosome first become visible?

back 9

propase

front 10

Cytokinesis begins in which phase?

back 10

telophase

front 11

During which phase does the DNA make a copy of itself?

back 11

interphase

front 12

back 12

1) chromatid
2) chromosome

front 13

Where are microtubules organized for mitosis?

back 13

centrosomes

front 14

Single Centrosome replicates during what phase? Mitosis.

back 14

interphrase bc doubling everything

front 15

What Phase is this? What is happening to the structure of DNA? What is forming? What isn't there?

back 15

Prophase.

DNA condensed.
Mitotic spindle begins to form.
No Nucleolus.

front 16

What Phase is this? Structure of DNA? Structure of nuclear envelope? What does it have that prophase doesnt?

back 16

- End of interphase; G2

- spaghetti DNA, DNA DUPLICATED
- nuclear envelope isnt broken
- nucleolus

front 17

What Phase is this? What is happening?

back 17

Anaphase

-sister chromatids are separating

front 18

What Phase is this? What is happening?

back 18

Metaphase (Longest phase)

Chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate

front 19

What phase is this? What is reforming (2)? What is happening to DNA?

back 19

Telophase

-nuclear envelope & Nucleolus
- decondensed into spaghetti

front 20

What phase is this? What is happening to nuclear envelope? DNA structure? microtubules?

back 20

-Prometaphase

- Nuclear envelope= fragmented
- Dna becomes shorter
- microtubules are connected to kinetochore

front 21

What phase is this/ what does it divide? What is formed? When does it begin?

back 21

Cytokinesis

- Divides plasma membrane
- cleavage furrow
- late anaphase or early telophase

front 22

Cytokinesis depends on cytoskeletal components:

____: separate plasma membrane
____: separate chromosomes

back 22

actin
microtubules

front 23

What controls whether or not a cell will divide? (3 factors)

back 23

conditions...
1. intracellular conditions (within cell)
2. extracellular conditions (outside)

front 24

What are the three "checkpoints" in cell cycle of mitosis?

back 24

G1
G2
M

front 25

What phase are most human cell in? What kind of cells undergo this?

back 25

- G0 phase (non-dividing phase) Cell that doesn't receive a "go" signal.

- Damaged liver cells
- Mature muscle and nerve cells

front 26

G1 checkpoint:
1. Function of PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)? What is its cofactor?

back 26

-Cofactors: tyrosine Kinase (phosphate group)

Function: bond with tyrosine kinase to allow cells to pass through the G1 checkpoint

front 27

G2 checkpoint:
1. What is necessary to pass the G2 checkpoint?
2. What are the two components of ^ & functions?

back 27

1. Maturation promoting factor (M-phase-promoting-factor).

I. cyclin dependent kinase- only inactive in absence of cyclin
II. cyclin (recycle)- binds to Cdks to activate them

front 28

What is the relationship between cyclin-dependent kinase and cyclin?

back 28

direct relationship; increase in one will increase other

front 29

How many pairs of autosomes do human cells contain? Why?

back 29

22 pairs.
all chromosome except 1 pair of a male sex chromosome

front 30

Homologous chromosomes have what? What does it tell about the chromosome?

back 30

identical loci

- the location of a gene on a chromosome (strip on chromosome)

front 31

Sister chromatids have what? What does it tell about the chromosome?

What phase is it duplicated in?

back 31

- identical alleles
tells a specific trait of a gene

- S-Phase

front 32

What is phases are apart of the interphase? (4)

back 32

G0,G1,G2 gaps, S phase (synthesis)

front 33

Describe each trait specifically (difference from other)

back 33

interphase: 46 chromosomes

prophase: chromosome 2x=92

Prometaphase: Nucleus dissoves. Microtubules attach to centromers.

Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle

Anaphase: separate chromosome

Telophase: microtubules disappear. cell division begin.
-Cytokinesis: two daughter cells formed

front 34

What does "The Blending Hypothesis" state?

back 34

Parents traits form a totally different traits in offspring.

The offspring can never produce the same traits the parents have

front 35

What is Particulate Theory? who was it developed by?

back 35

traits can be passed on from generations, but not all will appear in each generation.

front 36

Why is "Character" different from "trait" ?

back 36

Character: inherited feature
Trait: specific character

front 37

Give an example of Genotype & Phenotype

back 37

Genotype- Pp,pp,PP
Phenotype- purple flowers

front 38

Mendel concluded what when he made monohybrids? What did he cross (parents, F1, F2)? What was the result?

back 38

- Concluded that the Blending Hypothesis isn't true: trait can not get back to parents. Self cross of purple did not have white, but f2 did.

- crossed true breeding purple & white parents
- F1 produce a purple flower, self cross
- THREE purple: ONE white

front 39

What is the difference between genotype and alleles?

back 39

Genotypes- Pp,pp,PP

Alleles- individual P (dominant), individual p (recessive)

front 40

What determines the phenotype(appearance) if alleles at a locus is different?

back 40

The dominant allelle

front 41

What did Mendel state about the law of independent assortment?

What stage of MEIOSIS is responsible for the this law?

back 41

-Law: traits are transmitted to offspring independently. Doesn't matter that y has to go with y.

- Metaphase I

front 42

The possible phenotypic combinations ratio seen..

back 42

9:3:3:1 (ONLY FOR HETEROZYGOUS)

front 43

How is pedigree of a DOMINANT trait different from a RECESSIVE trait? Must be...(Genotype)

back 43

- DOMINANT:must have affected parents/homozygous recessive all non-affected

-RECESSIVE:may/may not have affected parents/homozygous recessive all affected

- Homozygous recessive

front 44

What is epistatis. Give a class example

back 44

The phenotype of one gene influence the phenotype of another

Ex. Have to be in a sequence. Dependent on each other

front 45

What did Gregor Mendel proposed? " ____ factor" What does that factor mean?

back 45

-Hereditary factors

- passing of traits to offspring from parents/ ancestors

front 46

What did Fredrick Griffith propose? How did Oswald Avery contribute to this?

back 46

-The Dead S cells (pathogenic) transformed the R cells into pathogenic bacteria

- Discovered that DNA is the transforming agent

front 47

What did Hershey & Chase conclude? How (process)?

back 47

DNA enters bacterial cell (viral genetic material)

- add sulfur to protein; got supernatant but did not indicate anything

- add phosphorus; supernatant is "active"= viral genetic material

front 48

How did Chargaff's rule work?

back 48

- adenine=thymine
- Guanine= Cytosine