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Chapter 9 The Muscular System

front 1 What is a neurotransmitter?	back 1 A chemical released at the distal end of an axon that stimulates or inhibits an adjacent cell.
front 2 Aerobic respiration	back 2 The mechanism of ATP that requires oxygen
front 3 The mechanism of ATP that requires oxygen is called	back 3 Aerobic respiration
front 4 What is the perimysium?	back 4 The heavy CT layer surrounding each fasciculus.

front 5 What is the epimysium?	back 5 The dense collagenous CT that surrounds the entire muscle.
front 6 Which muscles are responsible for fictions like communication, speaking, writing, gesturing, smiling, & frowning?	back 6 Skeletal muscles (of the face, neck, & limbs)
front 7 Muscle elasticity	back 7 The ability of a muscle to RECOIL to its original resting length after being stretched.
front 8 The ability of a muscle to RECOIL to its original resting length after being stretched	back 8 Muscle elasticity

front 9 Functions of the cardiac muscles:	back 9 Providing a major force for moving blood through the circulatory system.
front 10 Provides a major force for moving blood through the circulatory system	back 10 Cardiac muscle
front 11 Describe hypertrophy	back 11 The enlargement of muscles after birth in children & adults. It results from an INCREASE in the NUMBER of muscle fibers.
front 12 How are skeletal muscle fibers produced?	back 12 Several myoblasts fuse to form a single myofiber.

front 13 What is a myofilament?	back 13 Contains EITHER actin or myosin proteins
front 14 Explain the breakdown of ATP:	back 14 1. Move Calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Move the myosin heads during contraction 3. Release cross-bridges
front 15 Explain the steps of muscle relaxtion	back 15 1. Nerve signal ceases 2. AchE breaks down 3. Active transport pumps in the sarcoplasm 3. Calcium release from troponin 4. Tropomysin covers myosin binding sites
front 16 Muscle Contraction	back 16 1. Action potential reaches 2. Ach (neurotransmitter)Binds 3. Action potential travels 4. Ca+ release 5. Active sites exposed 6. Myosin binds

front 17 Cross bridge cycling	back 17 1. Cross bridge formation 2. Recovery stroke 3. Power stroke 4. Cross bridge release
front 18 Muscle fibers & muscle facicles related?	back 18 A MUSCLE FACICULE is composed of groups of MUSCLE FIBERS
front 19 Cellular Respiration	back 19 The method of ATP production that can produce up to 36 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule.
front 20 The method of ATP production that can produce up to 36 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule.	back 20 Cellular respiration

front 21 4 Major functional properties of muscle? (What makes a muscle a muscle?)	back 21 1. Contractility 2. Excitability 3. Extensibility 4. Elasticity
front 22 Types of muscle tissue	back 22 1. Skeletal 2. Cardiac 3. Smooth
front 23 Major functions of tendons	back 23 1. Connect muscles to dermis 2. Connect muscles to bone
front 24 Explain muscle extensibility	back 24 The ability of the muscle to stretch beyond its resting length.

front 25 Explain contractility	back 25 The ability of the muscle to shorten forcefully.
front 26 What is the GENERAL term for connective tissue sheets within the body?	back 26 Fascia
front 27 What are the structural functions of cardiac muscles?	back 27 Branched cells that are autorhythmic & respond to nervous or hormonal stimulation
front 28 What are the functions of smooth muscle?	back 28 1. Move food through digestive tract 2. Emptying the bladder 3. Regulating blood vessel diameter(vasoconstriction) 4. Changing pupil size 5. Contracting gland ducts 6. Moving hair (errector pilli)

front 29 Functions of cardiac muscle?	back 29 1. Pumping blood 2. Contraction of cardiac muscle provides the major force for propelling blood through blood vessels
front 30 Functions of skeletal muscle	back 30 Body movement, maintain posture, responsible for producing the majority of heat needed for maintaining body temperature, communication, gesturing, frowning, & smiling.
front 31 What type of muscle is responsible for respiration or breathing?	back 31 SKELETAL MUSCLE of the thorax & diaphragm
front 32 What type of muscle is involved in vasoconstriction?	back 32 Smooth muscle

front 33 What are the actions of MUSCLE cells?	back 33 1. Contract and shorten 2. Contraction of heart chambers 3. Movement of blood through vessels
front 34 What is the muscular fascia?	back 34 1.It is the dense irregular collagenous CT located superficially that separates & compartmentalizes individual muscles or groups of muscles. 2. The general term for connective tissue sheets within the body.
front 35 An increase of excitability would result in:	back 35 1. Muscle would contract more readily 2. The muscle would depolarize more readily
front 36 What is excitability?	back 36 The capacity of a muscle to respond to a stimulus and what allows muscle cells to contract.

front 37 What are the 7 functions of the muscular system?	back 37 1. Body movement 2. Maintenance of posture 3. Respiration 4. Body heat production 5. Communication 6. Constriction of organs & vessels 7. Contraction of the heart
front 38 What are gap junctions?	back 38 They are protein channels that connect adjacent CARDIAC muscle cells which allow action potentials to pass from cell-to-cell
front 39 What are characteristics of SMOOTH MUSCLE?	back 39 1. Overlapping filiform-shaped cells with GAP JUNCTIONS 2. Allow for rapid communication & coordinated movement
front 40 Define AUTORHYTHMIC	back 40 The spontaneous contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle at somewhat regular intervals without being signaled by the nervous system.

front 41 Step-by-step Single Action Potential	back 41 1. Limited Na+ channels open 2. Threshold reached 3. More Na+ channels open 4. Na+ move into cell 5. K+ channels open 6. K+ leaves the cell 7. Repolarization
front 42 Structural functions of SMOOTH MUSCLE	back 42 Over-lapping filiform-shaped cells with GAP JUNCTIONS that allow rapid communication and coordinated movement.
front 43 An increase of muscle elasticity allows:	back 43 1.The amount of active tension needed to be generated by the muscle in order to contract would increase. 2. The total amount of passive tension that the muscle could generate would increase. 3. The muscle would have difficulty contracting.
front 44 What inhibits contraction of the sarcomere, covers the active sites on actin, and prevents myosin heads from binding with actin?	back 44 Tropomyosin

front 45 Structural functions of SKELETAL MUSCLE	back 45 Very long cells that do not contract spontaneously.
front 46 What type of muscle is responsible for producing the majority of heat needed to maintain body temperature?	back 46 Skeletal Muscles
front 47 What must happen in order for an ion to move passively through an ion channel?	back 47 1. There must be a difference in the electrical or charge distribution between the inside and outside of the cell. 2. There must be some type of gradient. 3. There must be a difference in concentration of that particular ion on one side versus the other.