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Chapter 5 Doppler Prinicples - Review

front 1 Which of the following are parts of the circulatory system? A) Heart B) cerebral ventricle C) artery D) arteriole E) capillary F) bile duct G) venule H) vein	back 1 A) Heart C) artery D) arteriole E) capillary G) venule H) vein
front 2 The _____ are the tiniest vessels in te circulatory system.	back 2 Capillaries The capillaries are the tiniest vessels in te circulatory system.
front 3 In which of the following can Doppler ultrasound detect flow? A) the heart B) arteries C) arterioles D) capillaries E) venule F) veins	back 3 A) the heart B) arteries F) veins
front 4 To flow is to move in a _____.	back 4 stream To flow is to move in a stream.

front 5 The characteristic of a fluid that offers resistance to flow is called _____. A) resistance B) viscosity C) inertia D) impedance E) density	back 5 B) viscosity The characteristic of a fluid that offers resistance to flow is called viscosity.
front 6 Poise is a unit of _____.	back 6 viscosity Poise is a unit of viscosity.
front 7 Pressure is _____ per unit area.	back 7 force Pressure is force per unit area.
front 8 Pressure is _____. A) nondirectional B) unidirectional C) omnidirectional D) all of the above E) none of the above	back 8 C) omnidirectional Pressure is omnidirectional.

front 9 Flow is a response to pressure _____ or _____.	back 9 difference, gradient Flow is a response to pressure difference or gradient.
front 10 If the pressure is greater at on end of a liquid-filled tube or vessel than it is at the other, the liquid will flow from the _____-pressure end to the _____-pressure end. A) higher, lower B) lower, higher C) depends on the liquid D) all of the above E) none of the above	back 10 A) higher, lower If the pressure is greater at on end of a liquid-filled tube or vessel than it is at the other, the liquid will flow from the higher-pressure end to the lower-pressure end.
front 11 The volumetric flow rate in a tube is determined by _____ difference and _____.	back 11 The volumetric flow rate in a tube is determined by pressure difference and resistance. pressure, resistance
front 12 Flow increases if _____ increases. A) pressure difference B) pressure gradient C) resistance D) A and B E) all of the above	back 12 D) A and B Flow increases if pressure difference and pressure gradient increase.

front 13 As flow resitance increases, volumetric flow rate _____.	back 13 decreases As flow resitance increases, volumetric flow rate decreases.
front 14 If pressure difference is doubled, volumetric flow rate is _____. A) unchanged B) quartered C) halved D) doubled E) quadrupled	back 14 D) doubled If pressure difference is doubled, volumetric flow rate is doubled.
front 15 If flow resitance is doubled, volumetric flow rate is _____. A) unchanged B) quartered C) halved D) doubled E) quadrupled	back 15 C) halved If flow resitance is doubled, volumetric flow rate is halved.
front 16 Flow resitance in a vessel depends on _____. A) vessel length B) vessel radius C) blood viscosity D) all of the above E) none of the above	back 16 D) all of the above Flow resitance in a vessel depends on vessel length, vessel radius and blood viscosity.

front 17 Flow resitance decreases with an increase in _____. A) vessel length B) vessel radius C) blood viscosity D) all of the above E) none of the above	back 17 B) vessel radius Flow resitance decreases with an increase in vessel radius.
front 18 Flow resistance depends most strongly in _____. A) vessel length B) vessel radius C) blood viscosity D) all of the above E) none of the above	back 18 B) vessel radius Flow resistance depends most strongly in vessel radius.
front 19 Volumetric flow rate decreases with an increase in _____. A) pressure difference B) vessel radius C) vessel length D) blood viscosity E) C and D	back 19 E) C and D Volumetric flow rate decreases with an increase in vessel length and blood viscosity.
front 20 When the speed of a fluid is constant across a vessel, the flow is called _____ flow. A) volume B) parabolic C) laminar D) viscous E) plug	back 20 E) plug When the speed of a fluid is constant across a vessel, the flow is called plug flow.

front 21 The type of flow (approximately) seen in A is _____. A) volume B) steady C) parabolic D) viscous E) plug	back 21 E) plug
front 22 The type of flow seen in B is ____. A) volume B) steady C) parabolic D) viscous E) plug	back 22 C) parabolic
front 23 _____ flow occurs when straight parallel streamlines describing the flow are altered.	back 23 disturbed Disturbed flow occurs when straight parallel streamlines describing the flow are altered.
front 24 _____ flow involves random and chaotic flow patterns, with particles flowing in all directions.	back 24 turbulent Turbulent flow involves random and chaotic flow patterns, with particles flowing in all directions.

front 25 Turbulent flow is more likely proximal of distal to a stenosis.	back 25 distal Turbulent flow is more likely distal to a stenosis.
front 26 A narrowing of the lumen of a tube is called a _____.	back 26 stenosis A narrowing of the lumen of a tube is called a stenosis.
front 27 Proximal to, at, and distal to a stenosis, _____ must be constant. A) laminar flow B) disturbed flow C) turbulent flow D) volumetric flow rate E) none of the above	back 27 D) volumetric flow rate Proximal to, at, and distal to a stenosis, volumetric flow rate must be constant.
front 28 Proximal to, at, and distal to a stenosis, _____ must be constant. Flow speed at the stenosis must be _____ that proximal and distal to it. A) greater than B) less than C) less turbulent than D) less disturbed than E) none of the above	back 28 A) greater than Proximal to, at, and distal to a stenosis, greater than must be constant.

front 29 Poiseuille's equation predicts a _____ in flow speed with a decrease in vessel radius.	back 29 decreases Poiseuille's equation predicts a decreases in flow speed with a decrease in vessel radius.
front 30 The continuity rule predicts a ____ in flow speed with a localized decrease in (stenosis) in vessel diameter.	back 30 increases The continuity rule predicts a increases in flow speed with a localized decrease in (stenosis) in vessel diameter.
front 31 In a stenosis, the pressure is _____ the proximal and distal values. A) less than B) equal to C) greater than D) depends on the fluid E) none of the above	back 31 A) less than In a stenosis, the pressure is less than the proximal and distal values.
front 32 Added forward flow and flow reversal in diastole can occur with ____ flow. A) volume B) turbulent C) laminar D) disturbed E) pulsatile	back 32 E) pulsatile Added forward flow and flow reversal in diastole can occur with pulsatile flow.

front 33 As stenosis diameter decreases, _____ pass through a maximum. A) flow speed at the stenosis B) flow proximal to the stenosis C) volumetric flow rate D) the Doppler shift at the stenosis E) A and D	back 33 E) A and D As stenosis diameter decreases, flow speed at the stenosis and the Doppler shift at the stenosis passes through a maximum.
front 34 At which point is pressure the lowest? A) P B) S C) D D) P and D E) none of the above	back 34 B) S
front 35 At which point is flow speed the lowest? A) P B) S C) D D) P and D E) none of the above	back 35 D) P and D
front 36 At which point is volumetric flow rate the lowest? A) P B) S C) D D) P and D E) none of the above	back 36 E) none of the above

front 37 At which point is pressure energy the greatest? A) P B) S C) D D) P and D E) none of the above	back 37 D) P and D
front 38 The _____ effect is used to detect and measure ____ in vessels.	back 38 Doppler, flow The Doppler effect is used to detect and measure flow in vessels.
front 39 Motions of an echo-generating structure causes an echo to have a different ____ from that of the emitted pulse.	back 39 frequency Motions of an echo-generating structure causes an echo to have a different frequency from that of the emitted pulse.
front 40 If the incident frequency is 1 MHz, the propagation speed is 1600 m/s and the reflector speed is 16 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is _____ MHz, and the reflected frequency is _____ MHz.	back 40 .02, 1.02 If the incident frequency is 1 MHz, the propagation speed is 1600 m/s and the reflector speed is 16 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is .02 MHz, and the reflected frequency is 1.02 MHz.

front 41 If 2-MHz ultrasound is reflected from a soft tissue boundary moving at 10 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is ____ MHz.	back 41 .026 If 2-MHz ultrasound is reflected from a soft tissue boundary moving at 10 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is .026 MHz.
front 42 If 2-MHz ultrasound is reflected from a soft tissue boundary moving at 10 m/s away from the source, the Doppler shift is ____ MHz.	back 42 -.026 If 2-MHz ultrasound is reflected from a soft tissue boundary moving at 10 m/s away from the source, the Doppler shift is -.026 MHz.
front 43 The Doppler shift is the difference between _____ and _____ frequencies.	back 43 received, emitted The Doppler shift is the difference between received and emitted frequencies.
front 44 When incident sound direction and reflector motion are not parrallel, calculation of the reflected frequency involves the _____ of the angle between these directions.	back 44 cosine When incident sound direction and reflector motion are not parrallel, calculation of the reflected frequency involves the cosine of the angle between these directions.

front 45 If the incident frequency is 1 MHz, the propagation speed is 1600 m/s and the reflector speed is 16 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is .02 MHz, and the reflected frequency is 1.02 MHz. If the angle between incident sound direction and reflector motion is 60 degrees, the Doppler shift and reflected frequency are _____ MHz and _____ MHz.	back 45 If the incident frequency is 1 MHz, the propagation speed is 1600 m/s and the reflector speed is 16 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is .02 MHz, and the reflected frequency is 1.02 MHz. If the angle between incident sound direction and reflector motion is 60 degrees, the Doppler shift and reflected frequency are .01 MHz and 1.01 MHz. .01, 1.01 (The Doppler shift is cut in half)
front 46 If the incident frequency is 1 MHz, the propagation speed is 1600 m/s and the reflector speed is 16 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is .02 MHz, and the reflected frequency is 1.02 MHz. If the angle between incident sound direction and reflector motion is 90 degrees, the cosine of the angle is _____, and the reflected frequency is _____ MHz.	back 46 If the incident frequency is 1 MHz, the propagation speed is 1600 m/s and the reflector speed is 16 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is .02 MHz, and the reflected frequency is 1.02 MHz. If the angle between incident sound direction and reflector motion is 90 degrees, the cosine of the angle is 0, and the reflected frequency is 1.00 MHz. 0, 1.00 (no Doppler shift at 90 degrees)
front 47 For an operating frequency of 2 MHz, a flow speed of 10 cm/s and a Doppler angle of 0 degrees, calculate the Doppler shift.	back 47 .26 kHz
front 48 For an operating frequency of 6 MHz, a flow speed of 50 cm/s and a Doppler angle of 60 degrees, calculate the Doppler shift.	back 48 1.95 kHz

front 49 For blood flow through a vessel with a plug flow profile, the Doppler shift is _____ across the vessel.	back 49 For blood flow through a vessel with a plug flow profile, the Doppler shift is constant across the vessel. constant
front 50 Which Doppler angle yields the greatest Doppler shift? A) -90 B) -45 C) 0 D) 45 E) 90	back 50 C) 0
front 51 To proceed from a measurement of Doppler shift frequency to a calculation of flow speed, _____ _____ must be known of assumed.	back 51 To proceed from a measurement of Doppler shift frequency to a calculation of flow speed, Doppler angle must be known of assumed. Doppler angle
front 52 If operating frequency is doubled, the Doppler shift is _____.	back 52 If operating frequency is doubled, the Doppler shift is doubled. Doubled

front 53 If flow speed is doubled, the Doppler shift is _____.	back 53 Doubled If flow speed is doubled, the Doppler shift is doubled.
front 54 If angle is doubled, the Doppler shift is _____.	back 54 decreased If angle is doubled, the Doppler shift is decreased.
front 55 Color Doppler instruments presents two-dimensional, color-coded images representing _____ that are superimposed on gray-scale images representing _____.	back 55 motion, anatomy Color Doppler instruments presents two-dimensional, color-coded images representing motion that are superimposed on gray-scale images representing anatomy.
front 56 Which of the following on a color Doppler display is (are) presented in real time? A) gray-scale anatomy B) flow direction C) Doppler spectrum D) A and B E) all of the above	back 56 D) A and B A) gray-scale anatomy B) flow direction

front 57 Color Doppler instruments use an _____ technique to yield Doppler information in real time.	back 57 autocorrelation Color Doppler instruments use an autocorrelation technique to yield Doppler information in real time.
front 58 Color Doppler instruments use an autocorrelation technique to yield Doppler information in real time. This information includes _____ Doppler shift, _____, _____, and _____.	back 58 mean, sign, variance, power Color Doppler instruments use an autocorrelation technique to yield Doppler information in real time. This information includes mean Doppler shift, sign, variance, and power.
front 59 True or False? The angle dependencies of Doppler shift displays and Doppler power displays are different.	back 59 True Power displays have no angle dependence
front 60 Do the different colors appearing in A and C indicate that flow is going in two different directions in the vessel? Get image	back 60 no

front 61 True or False? In color Doppler instruments, color is used only to represent flow direction.	back 61 False
front 62 In practice, approximately _____ pulses are required to obtain one line of color Doppler information. A) 1 B) 10 C) 100 D) 1000 E) 1,000,000	back 62 B) 10 In practice, approximately 10 pulses are required to obtain one line of color Doppler information.
front 63 About _____ frames per second are produced by a color Doppler instrument. A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 80 E) more than one of the above	back 63 E) more than one of the above A) 10 B) 20 C) 40
front 64 True or False? Doppler shift displays are not dependent on Doppler andgle.	back 64 False

front 65 True or False? If a color Doppler instrument shows two colors in the same vessel, it always means flow is occurring in opposite directions in the vessel.	back 65 False It also can mean aliasing or changing Doppler
front 66 True or False? A region of bright color on a Doppler shift display always indicates the highest flow speeds.	back 66 False remember the Doppler angle
front 67 Increasing the ensemble length ____ the frame rate.	back 67 decreases Increasing the ensemble length decreases the frame rate.
front 68 The _____ technique is commonly used to detect echo Doppler shifts in color Doppler instruments.	back 68 autocorrection The autocorrection technique is commonly used to detect echo Doppler shifts in color Doppler instruments.

front 69 Which of the following reduce the frame rate of a color Doppler image? A) wider color window B) longer color window C) increased ensemble length D) Higher transducer frequency E) Higher priority setting	back 69 A) wider color window C) increased ensemble length
front 70 Lack of color in a vessel containing blood flow may be attributed to _____. A) low color gain B) a high wall filter setting C) a low priority setting D) baseline shift E) aliasing	back 70 A) low color gain B) a high wall filter setting C) a low priority setting Lack of color in a vessel containing blood flow may be attributed to low color gain, a high wall filter setting and a low priority setting.
front 71 Increasing ensemble length _____ color sensitivity and accuracy and _____ frame rate. A) improves, increases B) degrades, increases C) degrades, decreases D) improves, decreases E) none of the above	back 71 D) improves, decreases Increasing ensemble length improves color sensitivity and accuracy and decreases frame rate.
front 72 Which control can be used to help with clutter? A) wall filter B) gain C) baseline shift D) pulse repetition frequency E) smoothing	back 72 A) wall filter

front 73 Color map baselines are always represented by ______. A) white B) black C) red D) blue E) cyan	back 73 B) black Color map baselines are always represented by black.
front 74 Doubling the width of a color window produces a ____ frame rate. A) doubled B) quadrupled C) unchanged D) halved E) quartered.	back 74 D) halved Doubling the width of a color window produces a halved frame rate.
front 75 Steering the color window to the right or left produces a _____ frame rate. A) doubled B) quadrupled C) unchanged D) halved E) quartered.	back 75 C) unchanged Steering the color window to the right or left produces a unchanged frame rate.
front 76 Autocorrelation produces _____. A) the color of the Doppler shift B) the mean value of the Doppler shift C) varience D) spectrum E) peak Doppler shift	back 76 B) the mean value of the Doppler shift C) varience Autocorrelation produces the mean value of the Doppler shift and varience.

front 77 Steering the color window to the right or left changes _____. A) frame rate B) pulse repetition frequency C) the Doppler angle D) the Doppler shift E) more than one of the above	back 77 E) more than one of the above C) the Doppler angle D) the Doppler shift
front 78 Color Doppler frame rates are _____ gray-scale rates. A) equal to B) less than C) more than D) depends on color map E) depends on priority	back 78 B) less than Color Doppler frame rates are less than gray-scale rates.
front 79 In a single frame, color can change in a vessel because of _____. A) vessel curvature B) sector format C) helical flow D) diastolic flow reversal E) all of the above	back 79 E) all of the above In a single frame, color can change in a vessel because of vessel curvature, sector format, helical flow and diastolic flow reversal.
front 80 True or False? Angle is not important in transverse color Doppler views through vessels.	back 80 False

front 81 Compared with Doppler-shift imaging, Doppler-power imaging is _____. A) more sensitive B) angle independent C) aliasing independent D) speed independent E) all of the above	back 81 E) all of the above Compared with Doppler-shift imaging, Doppler-power imaging is more sensitive, angle independent, aliasing independent and speed independent
front 82 Doppler-power improving indicates (with color) the ____ of flow. A) presense B) direction C) speed D) character E) more than on of the above	back 82 A) presense Doppler-power improving indicates (with color) the presense of flow.
front 83 Doppler-shift improving indicates (with color) the ____ of flow. A) presense B) direction C) speed D) character E) more than on of the above	back 83 E) more than on of the above A) presense B) direction C) speed D) character
front 84 The function of a Doppler detector include _____. A) amplification B) phased quadrature detection C) Doppler shift detection D) sign determination E) all of the above	back 84 E) all of the above The function of a Doppler detector include amplification, phased quadrature detection, Doppler shift detection and sign determination.

front 85 An earlier gate time means ____ sample volume depth. A) a later B) a shallower C) a deeper D) a stronger E) none of the above	back 85 B) a shallower An earlier gate time means a shallower sample volume depth.
front 86 Doppler signal power is proportional to _____. A) volume flow rate B) flow speed C) the Doppler angle D) cell concentration E) More than one of the above	back 86 D) cell concentration Doppler signal power is proportional to cell concentration.
front 87 True or False. Doppler ultrasound provides information about flow conditions only at the site of measurment.	back 87 False
front 88 Stenosis affects ____. A) peak systolic flow speed B) end diastolic flow speed C) spectral broadening D) window E) all of the above	back 88 E) all of the above Stenosis affects peak systolic flow speed, end diastolic flow speed, spectral broadening and window

front 89 Spectral broadening is a _____ of the spectral trace. A) vertical thickening B) horizontal thickening C) brightening D) darkening D) horizontal shift	back 89 A) vertical thickening Spectral broadening is a vertical thickening of the spectral trace.
front 90 If all the cells in a vessel were moving at the same constant speed, the spectral trace would be a _____ line. A) thin horizontal B) thin vertical C) thick horizontal D) thick vertical	back 90 A) thin horizontal If all the cells in a vessel were moving at the same constant speed, the spectral trace would be a thin horizontal line.
front 91 True or False? Disturbed flow produces a narrower spectrum.	back 91 False
front 92 True or False? Turbulent flow produces a narrower spectrum.	back 92 False

front 93 As stenosis progreses, which of the following increases? A) lumen diameter B) systolic Doppler shift C) Diastolic Doppler shift D) spectral broadening E) more than one of the above	back 93 E) more than one of the above B) systolic Doppler shift C) Diastolic Doppler shift D) spectral broadening
front 94 True or False? Higher flow speed always produces a higher Doppler shift on a spectral display.	back 94 False Remember the Doppler angle
front 95 Flow reversal in diasole indicates _____. A) a stenosis B) an aneurysm C) high distal resistance D) low distal resistance' E) more than one of the above	back 95 C) high distal resistance Flow reversal in diasole indicates high distal resistance.
front 96 Decrease distal resistance normall causes end diastolic flow to _____. A) increase B) decrease C) be disturbed D) become turbulent E) more than one of the above	back 96 A) increase Decrease distal resistance normall causes end diastolic flow to increase.

front 97 If angle correction is set at 60 degrees but should be zero degrees, the display indicates a flow speed of 100 cm/s. The correct flow speed is _____ cm/s. A) 25 B) 50 C) 100 D) 200 E) 400	back 97 B) 50 If angle correction is set at 60 degrees but should be zero degrees, the display indicates a flow speed of 100 cm/s. The correct flow speed is 50 cm/s.
front 98 If angle correction is set at zero degrees but should be 60 degrees, the display indicates a flow speed of 100 cm/s. The correct flow speed is _____ cm/s. A) 25 B) 50 C) 100 D) 200 E) 400	back 98 D) 200 If angle correction is set at zero degrees but should be 60 degrees, the display indicates a flow speed of 100 cm/s. The correct flow speed is 200 cm/s.
front 99 If a 5-kHz Doppler shift corresponds to 100 cm/s, then a 2.5-kHz shift corresponds to _____ cm/s.	back 99 50 If a 5-kHz Doppler shift corresponds to 100 cm/s, then a 2.5-kHz shift corresponds to 50 cm/s.
front 100 Which of the following is increased if Doppler angle is increased? A) aliasing B) Doppler shift C) effect of angle error D) B and C E) None of the above	back 100 C) effect of angle error