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exam 2 chapter 4

front 1

immersion oil improves ________

back 1

RESOLUTION by increasing numerical aperture and allowing light to travel at a uniform speed

front 2

empty magnification: increasing _______, without increasing __________

back 2

magnification, resolution

front 3

phase contrast microscope: used to visualize _______

back 3

flagella

front 4

(4) associated with electron microscope

back 4

1. magnetic field
2. electron beam
3. vacuum
4. fluorescent screen

front 5

patient suffering from tuberculosis could be diagnosed with what stain?

back 5

acid fast

front 6

refraction of radiation as it passes through a lens produces ____________

back 6

magnification

front 7

(4) associated with phase microscopes

back 7

1. prisms
2. phase plate
3. unstained specimens
4. Nomarski microscope

front 8

physical characteristics rely on the ___________ of the organism

back 8

morphology

front 9

Robert Whitaker proposed (4)

back 9

Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Animalia

front 10

Kingdoms in the Linnaeus system are: (2)

back 10

Plantae, Animalia

front 11

structure that appears in a transmission electron micrograph but which is not actually present in the specimen is known as a ___________

back 11

artifact

front 12

(2) stains that use heat to drive the stain in

back 12

1. endospore stain
2. acid fast stain

front 13

rules of naming organisms _________

back 13

nomenclature

front 14

size of most cells is measured in _____________

back 14

micrometers

front 15

killing the microbes in the specimen, fixation using methanol or formalin, spreading the specimen onto a slide, and fixating using heat are all associated with ________

back 15

smear preparation

front 16

gram stains work due to differences in the __________ of bacteria

back 16

cell walls

front 17

Malachite green is used in ________ stain procedures

back 17

endospore

front 18

Characteristics of genus includes: (4)

back 18

1. it is one of two names used to identify organism
2. always capitalized
3. either underlined or in italics
4. written before the specific epithet

front 19

Carl Woese proposed _____________

back 19

differences in ribosome RNA

front 20

Why are modern light microscopes better than the ones Leeuwenhoek used?

back 20

1. Modern microscopes are compound instead of simple
2. better five fold resolution

front 21

magnifying lenses (2)

back 21

1. ocular
2. objective

front 22

types of light microscopes include (4)

back 22

1. phase contrast
2. confocal
3. fluorescent
4. bright field microscope

front 23

a cells GC ratio is associated with ________

back 23

analysis of nucleic acid

front 24

Gram positive= _________
Gram negative= _________ or __________

back 24

purple
pink//colorless

front 25

components of electron microscope stains (4)

back 25

1. uranium
2. lead
3. tungsten
4. osmium

front 26

cellular organelles and viruses are measured in _____________

back 26

nanometers

front 27

microscopy refers to the _________

back 27

passage of light or electrons of wavelengths through lenses to magnify objects, provides resolution and contrast

front 28

staining techniques are used to _______ contrast between object and background

back 28

enhance

front 29

simple microscope uses _______ magnifying lens
compound microscope uses _________ magnifying lens

back 29

single, series

front 30

lens closest to the object being magnified

back 30

objective lens

front 31

objective lens' attached to the __________

back 31

nosepiece

front 32

lens closest to the eyes

back 32

ocular lens

front 33

lens that lie beneath the stage and direct light through the slide

back 33

condenser

front 34

magnification of the objective lens X ocular lens

back 34

total magnification

front 35

a photograph of a microscopic image

back 35

micrograph

front 36

microscope that provides a dark background for small colorless specimen

back 36

dark field microscope

front 37

microscope such as phase contrast used to view cilia and flagella

back 37

phase microscope

front 38

microscope that uses UV light and fluorescent dyes to fluoresce specimens and enhance contrast

back 38

fluorescent micriscope

front 39

microscope that used fluorescent dyes in conjunction with computers to provide 3D images

back 39

confocal microscope

front 40

Electromagnetic spectrum:
smallest wave=
biggest
Typical bacteria and archae is how big?

back 40

smallest- gamma
biggest- radio
1 um

front 41

Contrast-image compare to _____
important in determining ________

back 41

surrounding
resolution

front 42

Dark Field Microscope:
used for pale _______
ex:

back 42

unstained objects
ex: spirochete

front 43

Staining:
Acidic-
Basic

back 43

acidic: alkalyne
basic: acidic

front 44

crystal violet aka ______ stain

back 44

primary

front 45

scientist who classified/ grouped similar organisms into categories
called "species"

back 45

Linnaeus

front 46

taxonomic identifying chracteristics: (5)

back 46

1. physical characteristics
2. Biochemical tests
3. Serological tests
4. phage type
5. analysis of nucleic acids

front 47

microscope that provides an image produced by the transmission of electrons through a sliced dehydrated specimen

back 47

transmission electron microscope

front 48

staining:
passing the slide through a flame- ________
applying a chemical to attach the specimen to the slide- _______

back 48

heat fixation
chemical fixation

front 49

2 dyes used to stain different portions of an organism
positive ion:
negative ion:

back 49

basic, acidic

front 50

simple stains process:

back 50

soaking the smear with ONE dye, rinsing with water

front 51

Differential stains: (3) use more than one dye

back 51

gram, acid fast, endospore

front 52

gram stains work because:

back 52

different of cell walls in bacteria

front 53

gram stain procedure includes: (4)

back 53

primary stain, mordant, decolorizer, counter stain

front 54

used to diagnose TB test: _________ stain

back 54

acid fast

front 55

dyes that stain the background and leave the cells colorless are called-

back 55

negative or capsule

front 56

_______ are non-overlapping groups of organisms that are studied and named in taxonomy

back 56

taxa

front 57

rules of _________ used to name organisms

back 57

nomenclature

front 58

Carolous Linnaeus system of taxonomy grouping: (8)
OSGFOCPK

back 58

organisms, species, genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdom

front 59

Binomial nomenclature includes: (2)

back 59

genus name and specific epithet

front 60

Carl Woese (3) taxonomic domains

back 60

Bacteria, archae, eukaryote