front 1 List 3 physical requirements for microbial growth | back 1 temperature, pH, osmotic pressure |
front 2 microbes that grow best between 0 - 15 degrees celcius | back 2 psychrophiles |
front 3 microbes that grow best between 20 - 30 degrees celcius, refrigerator temperature | back 3 psychrotrophs |
front 4 microbes that grow best at high temperatures, 50 - 60 degrees celcius | back 4 thermophiles |
front 5 microbes that grow best at moderate temperatures of 25 - 45 degrees celcius | back 5 mesophiles |
front 6 optimum temperature for pathogenic bacteria | back 6 37 degrees celcius |
front 7 microbes with an optimal growth temperature above 80 degrees celcius | back 7 hyperthermophiles |
front 8 microbes that grow in deep ocean or polar areas | back 8 psychrophiles |
front 9 microbes that grow in hot springs | back 9 thermophiles |
front 10 neutral pH | back 10 6.5 - 7.5 pH |
front 11 acidic level of pH | back 11 less than 4 pH |
front 12 true or false. Bacteria produced in labs grow acids that interfere with bacterial growth. | back 12 True |
front 13 peptones, amino acids and phosphate salts | back 13 buffers |
front 14 true or false. Endospores are usually heat resistant | back 14 true |
front 15 Percentage of water microorganisms are composed of | back 15 80 - 90% |
front 16 effect of high osmotic pressure | back 16 removing necessary water from the cell |
front 17 environment where the concentration of a solute is greater than the concentration of water in the cell | back 17 hypertonic environment |
front 18 loss of cellular water causing the cell's cytoplasm to shrink | back 18 plasmolysis |
front 19 true or false. cell growth is inhibited by plasmolysis because the cytoplasm shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall | back 19 true |
front 20 true or false. the addition of salts and increase in osmotic pressure can aid in the preservation of food | back 20 true |
front 21 microbes that adapt to high salinity | back 21 extreme halophiles |
front 22 microbes that require high salinity for growth | back 22 obligate halophiles |
front 23 microbes that do not require high salinity, but are able to grow at salinity of 2% | back 23 facultative halophiles |
front 24 complex polysaccharide from marine algae | back 24 agar |
front 25 used to solidify microbial growth medium | back 25 agar |
front 26 list 5 chemical requirements for microbial growth | back 26 carbon, elements: nitrogen, sulfur, & phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen, organic growth factors |
front 27 structural backbone of living matter | back 27 carbon |
front 28 microbes that derive carbon from carbon dioxide | back 28 chemoautotrophs & photoautotrophs |
front 29 microbes that derive carbon from organic material | back 29 chemohertotrophs |
front 30 elements required for protein synthesis | back 30 nitrogen & sulfur |
front 31 elements required for DNA and RNA synthesis | back 31 nitrogen & phosphorus |
front 32 process of using gaseous nitrogen from the atmosphere | back 32 nitrogen fixation |
front 33 element required for synthesis of nucleic acid & phospholipids | back 33 phosphorus |
front 34 essential for enzymatic functions | back 34 trace elements |
front 35 required by life forms for aerobic respiration | back 35 oxygen |
front 36 microbes that require oxygen to live | back 36 obligate aerobes |
front 37 bacteria that can continue to grow in the absence of oxygen using fermentation | back 37 facultative anaerobes |
front 38 example of a facultative anaerobe | back 38 E. Coli |
front 39 microbes unable to use oxygen for energy yielding reactions | back 39 obligate anaerobes |
front 40 example of an obligate anaerobe | back 40 Clostridium |
front 41 list 2 toxic forms of oxygen | back 41 singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals |
front 42 highly reactive oxygen at higher energy levels | back 42 singlet oxygen |
front 43 requires superoxide dismutase to neurtralize atmospheric oxygen | back 43 superoxide radicals |
front 44 can not use oxygen for growth and ferment carbohydrates to lactic acid | back 44 aerotolerant anaerobes |
front 45 microbe used in pickles and cheese | back 45 lactobacilli |
front 46 microbes that require oxygen and grow in oxygen concentrations less than air. sensitive to superoxide radicals | back 46 microaerophiles |
front 47 organic compounds an organism is unable to synthesize | back 47 organic growth factors |
front 48 Three dimensional structure visible using a confocal microscope | back 48 biofilm |
front 49 complex polymer in a biofilm | back 49 hydrogel |
front 50 cell to cell communication which allows bacteria to coordinate cellular activity | back 50 quorum sensing |
front 51 advantageous in facilitating transfer of genetic information | back 51 biofilms |
front 52 process where planktonic bacteria attach to a surface and form pillar like structures | back 52 biofilm formation |
front 53 essential in sewage treatment | back 53 biofilms |
front 54 percentage of human bacterial infections involving biofilms | back 54 70% |
front 55 nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganisms in a lab | back 55 culture media |
front 56 microbes introduced into a culture medium | back 56 innoculum |
front 57 list 6 criteria necessary for a culture to grow in a culture medium | back 57 correct nutrients, sufficient moisture, proper pH, sufficient oxygen, sterility, and incubation at proper temperature |
front 58 added to a medium when it is desired to grow a bacteria on a solid medium | back 58 agar |
front 59 hard to degrade and liquefies at 100 degrees Celcius | back 59 agar |
front 60 Media where the exact chemical composition of a microbe is known | back 60 chemically defined media |
front 61 organisms requiring many growth factors | back 61 fastidius |
front 62 example of a fastidious organism | back 62 lactobacillus |
front 63 used to determine the vitamin concentration in a substance | back 63 microbiological assay |
front 64 composed of nutrients including extracts fron yeasts, meats or plants | back 64 complex media |
front 65 result of acid reduction in proteins. are digestable by bacteria | back 65 peptones |
front 66 liquid form of complex media | back 66 nutrient broth |
front 67 media after agar is added | back 67 nutrient agar |
front 68 true or false. agar is a nutrient | back 68 false |
front 69 uses sodium thioglycolate to combine with dissolved oxygen and deplete oxygen in culture mediu | back 69 reducing media |
front 70 list 2 methods used for anaerobic growth | back 70 Petri plates and ascorbic acid packets opened and exposed to oxygen |
front 71 Microbes that do not grow on artificial media. Require a living host. | back 71 obligate intracellular bacteria |
front 72 used for aerobic bacteria requiring carbon dioxide levels less than or greater than those found in the atmosphere | back 72 carbon dioxide incubators |
front 73 true or false. high carbon dioxide levels can be obtained through the use of candle jars | back 73 true |
front 74 an example of a microorganism requiring a living host | back 74 Mycobacterium leprae |
front 75 microbes that grow at high carbon dioxide concentrations | back 75 capnophiles |
front 76 microbe cultured using chemical packets generating carbon dioxide | back 76 cyanobacteria |
front 77 suppresses the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourages growth of desired microbes | back 77 selective media |
front 78 used to isolate gram negative Salmonella typhi | back 78 bismuth sulfite agar; selective media |
front 79 isolates fungi growing at a pH of 5.6 | back 79 Sabourd's dextrose agar |
front 80 distinguishes colonies of desired organisms from other organisms growing on the sane plate | back 80 differential media |
front 81 used to identify bacterial species destroying red blood cells | back 81 blood agar |
front 82 example of a blood agar medium that show clear ring around colonies | back 82 Streptococcus pyogenes |
front 83 usually a liquid medium used to detect bacteria in small numbers | back 83 enrichment culture |
front 84 media used for growth of obligate anaerobes | back 84 reducing media |
front 85 media designed to increase the number of microbes to a detectable level | back 85 enrichment culture |
front 86 most commonly used isolation method | back 86 streak plate method |
front 87 Name the 2 methods for preserving bacterial cultures | back 87 deep freezing and lyophilization |
front 88 true or false. Refrigeration can be used for long term storage of cultures | back 88 false |
front 89 pure culture suspended in liquid and quickly frozen at =50 to -95 degrees celcius | back 89 deep freezing |
front 90 bacterial preservation method where culture can be thawed years after culture has been preserved | back 90 deep freezing |
front 91 suspended microbes are quickly frozen at temperatures fro -54 to -72 degrees celcius and undergoes sublimation | back 91 lyophlization |
front 92 list 4 methods of bacterial division | back 92 binary fission, budding, conidiospore chains, fragmentation |
front 93 most common method of bacterial division | back 93 binary fission |
front 94 methods by which filamentous bacteria divide | back 94 conidiospore chains and fragmentation |
front 95 the time required for a cell to divide and population double | back 95 generation time |
front 96 method of graphing bacterial populations | back 96 logarithms |
front 97 list the 4 phases of bacterial growth | back 97 lag, log, stationary, death |
front 98 phase of bacterial growth with little or no cell division, but intense metabolic activity | back 98 lag phase (beginning phase) |
front 99 phase of bacterial growth where cells actively reproduce and generation time remains constant | back 99 log phase |
front 100 phase of bacterial growth where logarithmic plot produces an ascending straight line | back 100 log phase |
front 101 phase of bacterial growth where microbial deaths balance to number of new cells | back 101 stationary phase |
front 102 phase of bacterial growth where the number of cell deaths exceeds new cells | back 102 death phase or logarithmic decline phase |
front 103 list 4 methods of measuring microbial growth | back 103 plate count, filtration, most probable number, and direct microscope |
front 104 method of measuring microbial growth where colonies on plates are counted and recorded as colony-forming units | back 104 plate count method |
front 105 method of measuring bacterial growth where bacteria is sieved out of a liquid suspension onto a thin membrane | back 105 filtration method |
front 106 method of measuring microbial growth where a sample is diluted out in a series of tubes of liquid medium | back 106 most probable number method |
front 107 method of measuring microbial growth where a microscope is used to count cell in microscopic field | back 107 direct microscope method |
front 108 list 3 indirect methods of measuring microbial growth | back 108 turbidity, metabolic activity, and dry weight |