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48 notecards = 12 pages (4 cards per page)

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Chapter 11: The Gallbladder and the Biliary System

front 1

adenomyomatosis

back 1

small polypoid projections from the gallbladder wall

front 2

ampulla of Vater

back 2

small opening in the duodenum in which the pancreatic and common bile duct enter to release secretions

front 3

bilirubin

back 3

yellow pigment in bile formed by the breakdown of red blood cells

front 4

cholangitis

back 4

inflammation of the bile duct

front 5

cholecystectomy

back 5

removal of the gallbladder

front 6

cholecystitis

back 6

inflammation of the gallbladder; may be acute or chronic

front 7

cholecystokinin

back 7

hormone secreted into the blood by the mucosa of the upper small intestine; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pancreatic secretion of enzymes

front 8

choledochal cyst

back 8

cystic growth of the common duct that may cause obstruction

front 9

choledocholithiasis

back 9

stones in the bile duct

front 10

cholelithiasis

back 10

gallstones in the gallbladder

front 11

cholesterolosis

back 11

variant of adenomyomatosis; cholesterol polyps; also called cholesterosis

front 12

common bile duct

back 12

extends from the point where the common hepatic duct meets the cystic duct; drains into the duodenum after it joins with the main pancreatic duct

front 13

common duct

back 13

refers to common bile or hepatic ducts when the cystic duct is not seen

front 14

common hepatic duct

back 14

bile duct system that drains the liver into the common bile duct

front 15

cystic duct

back 15

connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct

front 16

gallbladder (GB)

back 16

storage pouch for bile

front 17

Hartmann’s pouch

back 17

small part of the gallbladder that lies near the cystic duct where stones may collect

front 18

Heister’s valves

back 18

tiny valves found within the cystic duct

front 19

hydrops

back 19

massive enlargement of the gallbladder

front 20

jaundice

back 20

excessive bilirubin accumulation that causes yellow pigmentation of the skin; first seen in the whites of the eyes

front 21

junctional fold

back 21

small septum within the gallbladder, usually arising from the posterior wall

front 22

Klatskin’s tumor

back 22

cancer at the bifurcation of the hepatic ducts; may cause asymmetric obstruction of the biliary tree

front 23

Murphy’s sign

back 23

positive sign implies exquisite tenderness over the area of the gallbladder upon palpation

front 24

pancreatic duct

back 24

travels horizontally through the pancreas to join the common bile duct at the ampulla of Vater

front 25

Phrygian cap

back 25

gallbladder variant in which part of the fundus is bent back on itself

front 26

polyps of the gallbladder

back 26

small, well-defined soft tissue projection from the gallbladder wall

front 27

porcelain gallbladder

back 27

calcification of the gallbladder wall

front 28

porta hepatis

back 28

central area of the liver where the portal vein, common duct, and hepatic artery enter

front 29

sludge

back 29

low-level echoes found along the posterior margin of the gallbladder; move with change in position

front 30

sphincter of Oddi

back 30

small muscle that guards the ampulla of Vater

front 31

wall echo shadow (WES) sign

back 31

sonographic pattern found when the gallbladder is packed with stones

front 32

Name the layers of the GB

back 32

serosal

subserosal

muscular

mucosal

front 33

What is the least common variant of the gallbladder?

back 33

agenesis

front 34

What GB variant is associated with cystic fibrosis?

back 34

hypoplasia

front 35

What does bile consist of?

back 35

bile salt

cholesterol

amino acids

conjugated hormones

fat digestion

front 36

What is the most common GB variant?

back 36

Junctional fold

front 37

What causes bile to flow?

back 37

cholecystokinin causes contraction of GB

bile flows if ductal pressure is lower than hepatic secretory pressure

front 38

What does increased WBC indicate?

back 38

accute cholecystitis

chronic cholecystitis

injury to bile duct

front 39

What does increased bilirubin indicate?

back 39

sub accute cholecystitis

choledocholithiasis

injury to bile duct

GB carcinoma

internal biliary fistula

front 40

What does increased indirect bilirubin indicate?

back 40

pre or hepatic obstruction

front 41

What does increased direct bilirubin indicate?

back 41

post hepatic obstruction

front 42

What does increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) indicate?

back 42

biliary obstruction

front 43

What does increased aspartate aminotansferase (AST) indicate?

back 43

injured liver

skeleton

heart

front 44

What does increased alanine aminotansferase (ALT) indicate?

back 44

injured liver

stays elevated long

front 45

back 45

phrygian cap

front 46

back 46

hartmann's pouch

front 47

back 47

junctional fold

front 48

back 48

septated