front 1 Vertebrae of the human body | back 1 7 cervical
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front 2 Spinal regions | back 2 cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
front 3 Primary Spinal Curves | back 3 Sacral and Thoracic |
front 4 Secondary Spinal Curves | back 4 Cervical and Lumbar |
front 5 Movements of the Vertebral Column | back 5 Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation |
front 6 How many curvatures are in the adult vertebral column? | back 6 4 |
front 7 What is Kyphosis? | back 7 anteriorly concave curvatures in the vertebral column |
front 8 What is lordoses? | back 8 anteriourly convex curvatures in the vertebral column |
front 9 When does the cervical curvature become pronounced? | back 9 at three months when an infant is able to hold its head erect |
front 10 When does the Lumbar curvature become apparent? | back 10 When the toddler tries to stand at the age of 9-10 months |
front 11 body of a vertebrae | back 11 connects posteriorly with two vertebral arches |
front 12 Vertebral foramen | back 12 formed by the fusing together of the two V.arches, contains the spinal cord, meninges, roots, vessels, and other tissue |
front 13 Spinous Process | back 13 extends posteriorly from the point of fusion of the two V. arches |
front 14 Pedicle | back 14 adjascent part of the body of the vertebra |
front 15 Lamina | back 15 Continues posteriorly from the pedicle |
front 16 Vertebral arches | back 16 made of up of the Pedicle and the Lamina |
front 17 Transverse Process | back 17 a bony extension on each one of the vertebral arches |
front 18 Superior Articular Process | back 18 found at the junction of the pedicle and lamina, on each side, projecting UPWARD |
front 19 Inferior Articular process | back 19 found at the junction of the pedicle and lamina, on each side, projecting DOWNWARD |
front 20 facet | back 20 Found on each articular process, it is an aticular surface made of hyaline cartilage, and is the site of articulation b/t the vertebrae |
front 21 Vertebral notch | back 21 found b/t the articular process and the vertebral body, the bone has an indentation or depression |
front 22 Vertebral foramen | back 22 formed from the articulation of the vertebral notches of vertebrae to vertebral column, and transmit nerve roots |
front 23 Transverse Foramen | back 23 Transmit the vertebral artery on each side, develops as a result of incomplete fusion of the vertebral and costal elements of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae during development |
front 24 Vertebral Artery | back 24 originates from the subclavian arteries on each side, & provide the major blood supply to the spinal cord & brain stem, as well as partial blood supply to the brain |
front 25 Cervical Vertebra | back 25 have smaller bodies
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front 26 Atlas | back 26 C1
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front 27 Axis | back 27 C2
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front 28 What are the contents of the Verterbral Foramen? | back 28 the spinal cord and its surrounding meninges, nerve roots and spinal vessels, CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) and fat tissue |
front 29 What are the different meningeal layers surrounding the spinal cord and the brain? | back 29 The meninges consist of three membranes, dura, pia, and arachnoid mater. |
front 30 Meningeal membranes | back 30 Dura mater, Pia Mater, and arachnoid Mater |
front 31 Dura Mater | back 31 outer layer of the meningeal membranes
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front 32 Pia Mater | back 32 innnermost meningeal membrane, closely attached to the spinal cord
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front 33 Arachnoid mater | back 33 middle meningeal membrane |
front 34 denticulate ligaments | back 34 entension of pia mater from the surface of the spinal cord to the arachnoid mater, and supports the spinal cord in the vertebral canal, and separate the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal nerves |
front 35 contents of the IF (Intervetebral foramen) | back 35 DRG (dorsal root ganglion) on each side, and the spinal roots and vessels pass through the foramen |
front 36 contents of the transverse foramen (only cervical vertebra have transverse foramen) | back 36 Verterbral artery, on each side, and veins
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front 37 how do transverse processes develop? | back 37 asa result of incomplete fusion of the vertebral and costal elements of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae during development |
front 38 characteristics of cervical vertebrae | back 38 -smaller bodies, or no body (Atlas C1)
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front 39 How many cervical nerves and how many cervical vertebrae are there? | back 39 There are 8 cervical nerves and 7 cervical vertebrae |
front 40 special features of cervical vertebra 7 | back 40 C7- has a vertebral prominence that we can feel when we bend out necks forward, the first protrusion on our necks
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front 41 contents of the I.F. (intervertebral Foramen) | back 41 -DRG- Dorsal root ganglion (at the sides of the foramen)
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front 42 how many parts does the vertebral artery have? | back 42 3 parts |
front 43 part one of the Vertebral artery | back 43 extends from the point of origin (at the subclavian artery) to the transverse foramen
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front 44 Part two of the Vertebral artery | back 44 found ascending in the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
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front 45 Part three of the Vertebral Artery | back 45 turns medially on the posterior arch of the atlas and is found in the sub occipital triangle |
front 46 Angle of the Spinous process of the Thoracic Verterbrae | back 46 Postinferior Slope |
front 47 Distinguishing feature of the Thoracic vertebrae | back 47 body of the thoracic vertebrae have two costal facets that articulate with the head of the rib |
front 48 Muscles that make up the sub occipital triangle | back 48 -rectus capitis posterior major
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front 49 Origin of the Spinal Cord | back 49 extends form the foramen magnum in the occipital lobe of the skull to L1 at the conus medullaris |
front 50 Termination of the spinal cord | back 50 the spinal stops at the film terminale (the spinal cord roots), which insert into the coccyx |
front 51 Swellings of the spinal cord | back 51 - at the cervical region -which innervates the upper limbs
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front 52 epidural space | back 52 space between the vertebra and the dura mater- which contains adipose tissue |
front 53 Subdural Space | back 53 space between the dura and arachnoid mater |
front 54 Subarachnoid space | back 54 space between the arachnoid mater and the Pia mater, this space contains CSF |
front 55 CSF (cerebral spinal Fluid) | back 55 Clear fluid produced in the ventricles (the Coroid Plexus) of the brain, contains almost NO blood cells. |
front 56 indications of a hemorrhage | back 56 too much blood in the CSF-most easily seen during a lumbar puncture |
front 57 Dorsal Root ganglion (DRG) | back 57 sensory only
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front 58 dorsal ramus | back 58 go towards the back and innervate the back muscles |
front 59 Types of Anesthesia | back 59 Spinal Block
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front 60 Spinal Block | back 60 This kind of anesthesia will paralyze from iliac crest down. (anesthesia goes into the CSF) |
front 61 Caudal (Epidural) Anesthesia | back 61 Administered through the sacral hiatus
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front 62 Intervertebral Discs (I.D.) | back 62 made up of two parts:
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front 63 Anencephaly | back 63 birth defect, where the babies are born without parts of the brain & skull, a type of neural tube defect. The upper part of the neural tube must close by the 24th day of conception, if not this results in the baby missing the forebrain, and the cerebellum (the thinking, and coordinating parts) |
front 64 Prominense | back 64 the name for C7 |
front 65 Muscles of the Suboccipital Triangle | back 65 rectus capitis major
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front 66 Vertebral Basilar ischemia | back 66 temporary set of symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the posterior circulation of the brain. |
front 67 Site of circulation for the dens to C1 | back 67 Atlanto-occipital articulation |
front 68 Where is the basilar artery found? | back 68 in the anterior aspect of the brain stem |
front 69 inside the sub occipital triangle | back 69 the suboccipital cranial nerve
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front 70 Cruciate ligament | back 70 keeps the dens from posterior displacement |
front 71 Exit points of cranial nervers | back 71 the cranial nerves will exit ABOVE the corresponding vertebra
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front 72 Characteristics of the Lumbar Vertebra | back 72 5 vertebra
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front 73 Characteristics of the Sacrum | back 73 located between the two hip bones
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front 74 Sacral promontory | back 74 anterior edge of the S1 vertebra |
front 75 Sacral Canal | back 75 Exit point for the Cauda Equina and the surrounding meninges, to continue downward |
front 76 Sacral hiatus | back 76 located in the lower part of the dorsal surface of the sacrum |
front 77 Cornua | back 77 2 sacral horns, that flank the sacral hiatus |
front 78 Characteristics of the Coccyx | back 78 4 rudamentary vertebrae that are fused together |
front 79 Herniation of a disc | back 79 happens in the nucleus pulposus, and usually lateral and posterior |
front 80 Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae | back 80 longer spinous processes
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front 81 Osteophytes | back 81 bony processes that appear superiorly on the articulating surfaces of the vertebrae, can cause pain and pinch nerves (osteoarthritis) |
front 82 uncinate processes | back 82 a raised area on the body of vertebrae that over time can cause a crack on I.D. |
front 83 Coccydynia | back 83 Pain in the coccyx |
front 84 Endochondral ossification | back 84 Formation of bone via hyaline cartilage model |
front 85 Intermembranous Ossification | back 85 Formation of bone from mesenchyme cells, from within the bone |
front 86 When does ossification of the epiphyseal plate happen? | back 86 During puberty, once all growth is completed |
front 87 Unconvertebral Joint | back 87 AKA Secondary joints-occur b/t the uncinate processes and the inferolateral surfaces of the vertebral bodies superior to them in the cervical region |
front 88 Zygapophysial joints | back 88 articulations between the facets of the vertebral articular processes |
front 89 atlanto occipital articulation | back 89 consist of the medial and lateral atlanto-axial articulations between the atlas and the axis |
front 90 ALL- anterior longitudinal ligament | back 90 prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column, extends from atlas to sacrum |
front 91 How many layers does the PLL- Posterior longitudinal ligament have? | back 91 2- Superficial and Deep |
front 92 Superficial layer of PLL | back 92 continuation of the tectoral membrane originating from the foramen magnum in the skull, starts on the body of the axis |
front 93 Deep layer of PLL | back 93 continuation of the cruciate ligament from the atlas & down to into the sacral canal |
front 94 What does the PLL do? | back 94 prevents hyperextension of the VC
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front 95 Functions of the Ligamentum Flavum (active ligament) | back 95 Brings the VC back to an erect position |
front 96 Location of the Ligamentum Flavum | back 96 Between the vertebral arches |
front 97 loation of the Interspinous ligaments | back 97 b/t the spinous process of the vertebrae |
front 98 location of the supraspinous ligaments | back 98 spinous process of the vertebrae |
front 99 location of the intertransverse ligaments | back 99 b/t the transverse processes of the vertebrae |
front 100 location of the ligamentum nuchae | back 100 originates from the occipital bone, extends to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae and become continuous with the supraspinous ligaments |
front 101 Location of the Cruciate ligaments | back 101 formed by the superior and inferior longitudinal bands, and the transverse ligament of the atlas |
front 102 Apical ligament of the dens | back 102 extends from the head of the odontoid process to the aneroid border of the foramen magnum |
front 103 Alar ligaments | back 103 originate form both sides of the Odontoid process to the lateral borders of the foramen magnum |