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Chapter 25 The Urinary System

front 1 Glomerulus	back 1 C
front 2 Afferent arteriole	back 2 A
front 3 Collecting duct	back 3 B
front 4 Loop of Henle	back 4 E

front 5 Peritubular capillaries	back 5 D
front 6 Structure most closely associated with granular cells	back 6 A
front 7 Medulla of the kidney	back 7 E
front 8 Podocyte	back 8 B

front 9 Is composed of simple squamous epithelium	back 9 A
front 10 Collecting duct cells	back 10 C
front 11 Proximal convoluted tubule cells	back 11 E
front 12 Filtrate at the site of these cells is about the same osmolarity as blood plasma	back 12 E

front 13 Cells that are the most active in reabsorbing the filtrate	back 13 E
front 14 Cells that reabsorb virtually all the nutrients	back 14 E
front 15 Cells that are most affected by ADH	back 15 C
front 16 Almost no water is absorbed in these cells	back 16 D

front 17 Proximal convoluted tubule A) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs. B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. C) Site of filtrate formation. D) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.	back 17 A) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs.
front 18 Glomerulus A) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs. B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. C) Site of filtrate formation. D) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.	back 18 C) Site of filtrate formation.
front 19 Peritubular capillaries A) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs. B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. C) Site of filtrate formation. D) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.	back 19 B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
front 20 Collecting duct A) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs. B) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. C) Site of filtrate formation. D) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.	back 20 D) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

front 21 True/False Questions If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine	back 21 False
front 22 True/False Questions In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically	back 22 True
front 23 True/False Questions The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder	back 23 True
front 24 True/False Questions Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption	back 24 True

front 25 True/False Questions The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal	back 25 True
front 26 True/False Questions The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron	back 26 True
front 27 True/False Questions Urine is 95% water by volume	back 27 True
front 28 True/False Questions The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding	back 28 True

front 29 True/False Questions Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process	back 29 False
front 30 True/False Questions In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water	back 30 True
front 31 True/False Questions The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH	back 31 False
front 32 True/False Questions The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle	back 32 True

front 33 True/False Questions Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress	back 33 False
front 34 True/False Questions Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate	back 34 True
front 35 True/False Questions Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water	back 35 False
front 36 True/False Questions The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct	back 36 False

front 37 True/False Questions Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle	back 37 False
front 38 True/False Questions Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition	back 38 True
front 39 True/False Questions The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch	back 39 False
front 40 True/False Questions An excessive urine output is called anuria	back 40 False

front 41 True/False Questions Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH	back 41 True
front 42 True/False Questions The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder	back 42 False
front 43 True/False Questions Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption	back 43 True
front 44 True/False Questions The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate	back 44 False

front 45 True/False Questions Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer	back 45 True
front 46 True/False Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient	back 46 True
front 47 True/False Questions Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis	back 47 False
front 48 The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) loop of Henle B) glomerular filtration membrane C) collecting duct D) distal convoluted tubule	back 48 A) loop of Henle

front 49 Urine passes through the ________. A) renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra C) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule D) hilum to urethra to bladder	back 49 B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra
front 50 Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a podocyte B) a vasa recta C) a fenestrated capillary D) an efferent arteriole	back 50 B) a vasa recta
front 51 An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) decrease in the production of ADH B) increase in the production of ADH C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma	back 51 B) increase in the production of ADH
front 52 The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) transitional B) simple squamous C) stratified squamous D) pseudostratified columnar	back 52 A) transitional

front 53 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated B) when the pH of the urine decreases C) by a decrease in the blood pressure D) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10	back 53 C) by a decrease in the blood pressure
front 54 Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones C) maintains blood osmolarity D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat	back 54 D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
front 55 Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) adrenal B) thymus C) pituitary D) pancreas	back 55 A) adrenal
front 56 The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) lobar B) arcuate C) interlobar D) cortical radiate	back 56 B) arcuate

front 57 The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. A) has a basement membrane B) is impermeable to most substances C) is drained by an efferent arteriole D) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems	back 57 C) is drained by an efferent arteriole
front 58 The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________. A) is not permeable to water B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla	back 58 D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
front 59 Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.	back 59 C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
front 60 The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) produces vitamin D	back 60 B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

front 61 The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B) the descending loop of Henle C) the renal pyramid D) the renal papilla	back 61 A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
front 62 The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A) nephron B) loop of Henle C) glomerular capsule D) basement membrane of the capillaries	back 62 A) nephron
front 63 The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________. A) the secretion of drugs B) the secretion of acids and ammonia C) reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water D) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure	back 63 D) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
front 64 The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A) the design and size of the podocytes B) the thickness of the capillary endothelium C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries	back 64 C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

front 65 Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? A) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). B) They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum. C) They are made up of several layers of endothelium. D) They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently.	back 65 A) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia).
front 66 Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time. B) The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems but at different times. C) The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. D) The male urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen.	back 66 A) The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time.
front 67 Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the stretching of the bladder wall B) motor neurons C) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder D) the sympathetic efferents	back 67 A) the stretching of the bladder wall
front 68 The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A) glomerular endothelium B) podocytes C) renal fascia D) basement membrane	back 68 C) renal fascia

front 69 The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) active transport B) osmosis C) solvent drag D) cotransport with sodium ions	back 69 B) osmosis
front 70 Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) not Tm limited B) in the distal convoluted tubule C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments D) completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached	back 70 C) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
front 71 The macula densa cells respond to ________. A) aldosterone B) antidiuretic hormone C) changes in pressure in the tubule D) changes in solute content of the filtrate	back 71 D) changes in solute content of the filtrate
front 72 Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) Na+ B) K+ C) glucose D) creatinine	back 72 D) creatinine

front 73 The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) glucose B) hormones C) electrolytes D) plasma protein	back 73 D) plasma protein
front 74 Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration C) increases secretion of ADH D) inhibits the release of ADH	back 74 D) inhibits the release of ADH
front 75 The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure B) decrease the production of aldosterone C) decrease arterial blood pressure D) decrease water absorption	back 75 A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
front 76 A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. A) diabetes mellitus B) diabetes insipidus C) diabetic acidosis D) coma	back 76 B) diabetes insipidus

front 77 An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A) 1.041-1.073 B) 1.001-1.035 C) 1.030-1.040 D) 1.000-1.015	back 77 B) 1.001-1.035
front 78 Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 B) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4	back 78 D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
front 79 Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. C) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.	back 79 A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
front 80 What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Net filtration would increase above normal. B) Net filtration would decrease. C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. D) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change	back 80 B) Net filtration would decrease.

front 81 Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) granular cells B) macula densa C) podocyte cells D) mesangial cells	back 81 C) podocyte cells
front 82 Tubular reabsorption ________. A) includes substances such as creatinine B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient C) by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood D) is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste	back 82 B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient
front 83 Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron? A) They lack carriers. B) They are not lipid soluble. C) They are too large to pass through the fenestrations. D) They are extremely complex molecules.	back 83 D) They are extremely complex molecules.
front 84 Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) passive transport C) countertransport D) secondary active transport	back 84 D) secondary active transport

front 85 Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle? A) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine C) absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by osmosis D) none of these	back 85 B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
front 86 Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________. A) fetuses do not have any waste to excrete B) there are no functional nephrons until after birth C) the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood D) there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development	back 86 C) the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood
front 87 Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. B) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.	back 87 D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
front 88 The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. A) colloid osmotic pressure of the blood B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure C) capsular hydrostatic pressure D) myogenic mechanism	back 88 B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure

front 89 If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. A) be actively secreted into the filtrate B) be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells C) appear in the urine D) be reabsorbed by secondary active transport	back 89 C) appear in the urine
front 90 If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? A) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. B) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules. C) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. D) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult.	back 90 C) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.
front 91 Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water C) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle D) the presence of ADH	back 91 B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
front 92 Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate B) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions C) by producing new bicarbonate ions D) by secreting sodium ions	back 92 D) by secreting sodium ions

front 93 In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________. A) thin segment is freely permeable to water B) thick segment is permeable to water C) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride D) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption	back 93 D) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
front 94 Select the correct statement about urinary system development. A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. B) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. C) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation. D) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys.	back 94 A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.
front 95 Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion? A) disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs B) eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes C) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions D) ridding the body of excessive potassium ions	back 95 C) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions
front 96 Which statement is correct? A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. C) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. D) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.	back 96 A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.

front 97 What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys B) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys C) help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys D) help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys	back 97 A) help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
front 98 Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A) macula densa B) principal cell C) vasa recta D) loop of Henle	back 98 A) macula densa
front 99 Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A) ADH B) thyroxine C) aldosterone D) atrial natriuretic peptide	back 99 A) ADH
front 100 Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) renal autoregulation B) neural regulation C) electrolyte levels D) hormonal regulation	back 100 C) electrolyte levels

front 101 Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? A) angiotensin II and ADH B) angiotensin II and aldosterone C) angiotensin I and epinephrine D) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide	back 101 B) angiotensin II and aldosterone
front 102 Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? A) juxtaglomerular cells B) mesangial cells C) macula densa cells D) podocytes	back 102 C) macula densa cells
front 103 The capillary bed that surrounds the descending and ascending loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons is called the ________.	back 103 Vasa Recta
front 104 Urine crystals in the renal pelvis are called ________.	back 104 Renal Calculi

front 105 The need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called ________.	back 105 Nocturia
front 106 The area between the ureters and urethra is called the ________ in a bladder.	back 106 Trigone
front 107 The ________ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched	back 107 Myogenic
front 108 The presence of pus in the urine is a condition called ________.	back 108 Pyuria

front 109

Sodium-linked water flow across a membrane is called ________ water reabsorption.

back 109

Obligatory