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Chapter 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

front 1 Ten-step enzymatically driven process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid	back 1 A
front 2 Occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation.	back 2 D
front 3 Produces the CO2 involved during glucose oxidation	back 3 B
front 4 Where the hydrogens removed during the oxidation of food fuels are combined with O2.	back 4 C

front 5 Contains ATP synthases, small rotary motors	back 5 C
front 6 ATP formed by oxidative phosphorylation.	back 6 E
front 7 Involves sugar activation, sugar cleavage, and oxidation and ATP formation.	back 7 A
front 8 Glucose serves as the initial reactant. A) Glycolysis B) Oxidation reaction C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.	back 8 A

front 9 Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substrate molecule A) Glycolysis B) Oxidation reaction C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.	back 9 B
front 10 Occurs in the cytosol of a cell. A) Glycolysis B) Oxidation reaction C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.	back 10 A
front 11 Produces the most ATP A) Glycolysis B) Oxidation reaction C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.	back 11 C
front 12 Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons. A) Glycolysis B) Oxidation reaction C) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.	back 12 B

front 13 Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis	back 13 B
front 14 Formation of glucose from proteins or fats. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis	back 14 D
front 15 Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis	back 15 A
front 16 Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis	back 16 C

front 17 Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis	back 17 C
front 18 Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis	back 18 A
front 19 Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis	back 19 B
front 20 Formation of ketone bodies A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis	back 20 D

front 21 True/False Questions Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.	back 21 False
front 22 True/False Questions The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing	back 22 True
front 23 True/False Questions Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.	back 23 False
front 24 True/False Questions The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.	back 24 False

front 25 True/False Questions The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.	back 25 True
front 26 True/False Questions There are no complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a complete protein.	back 26 False
front 27 True/False Questions The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.	back 27 False
front 28 True/False Questions The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by the age, size, and metabolic rate of the person.	back 28 True

front 29 True/False Questions Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.	back 29 False
front 30 True/False Questions Cellular respiration is an anabolic process	back 30 False
front 31 True/False Questions Glycolysis is a series of six chemical steps, most of which take place in the mitochondria	back 31 False
front 32 True/False Questions Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.	back 32 True

front 33 True/False Questions All athletes require diets high in protein and calories in order to perform and to maintain their muscle mass.	back 33 False
front 34 True/False Questions In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed.	back 34 True
front 35 True/False Questions Including the ATP from glycolysis, the cell gains 34 ATP molecules from aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule.	back 35 False
front 36 True/False Questions The body requires adequate supplies of only three minerals (calcium, sodium, chloride) and trace amounts of all others.	back 36 False

front 37 True/False Questions Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.	back 37 False
front 38 True/False Questions For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.	back 38 True
front 39 True/False Questions Triglycerides and cholesterol do not circulate freely in the bloodstream.	back 39 True
front 40 True/False Questions Normal body temperature range is 98.6-100°F, regardless of external temperature.	back 40 False

front 41 True/False Questions A deficit of potassium can cause rickets.	back 41 False
front 42 True/False Questions It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.	back 42 True
front 43 True/False Questions The body's thermoregulatory centers are located in the thalamus.	back 43 False
front 44 True/False Questions Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.	back 44 True

front 45 True/False Questions High levels of HDLs are considered good	back 45 True
front 46 True/False Questions Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.	back 46 False
front 47 True/False Questions Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.	back 47 True
front 48 True/False Questions Peptides called NPY and AgRP are powerful appetite enhancers.	back 48 True

front 49 True/False Questions The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.	back 49 True
front 50 The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) cellulose	back 50 B) glucose
front 51 Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) ATP production B) lipogenesis C) amino acid synthesis D) conversion to a nucleic acid E) glycogenesis	back 51 D) conversion to a nucleic acid
front 52 Dietary fats are important because they ________. A) keep blood pressure normal B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins C) contribute significantly to the health of the skin D) help prevent the common cold	back 52 B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins

front 53 Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered	back 53 A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
front 54 Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth	back 54 D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
front 55 The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy	back 55 D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
front 56 The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration	back 56 A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities

front 57 When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) urea B) ammonia C) acetyl CoA D) ketone bodies	back 57 A) urea
front 58 It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization	back 58 C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
front 59 Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A) dehydrogenases and oxidases B) kinases and phosphorylases C) phosphatases and kinases D) synthetases and lipases	back 59 A) dehydrogenases and oxidases
front 60 Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain	back 60 A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

front 61 Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed	back 61 B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
front 62 Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels	back 62 C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
front 63 The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP	back 63 D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
front 64 The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) gluconeogenesis B) fat utilization C) lipogenesis D) lipolysis	back 64 D) lipolysis

front 65 Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) oxidation-reduction reactions D) oxidation reactions	back 65 A) oxidative phosphorylation
front 66 Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high	back 66 D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
front 67 Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) liver B) muscles C) kidneys D) blood	back 67 A) liver
front 68 Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to urea C) transferred to a keto acid D) converted to ammonia	back 68 C) transferred to a keto acid

front 69 Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) postabsorptive state B) absorptive state C) starvation period D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest	back 69 B) absorptive state
front 70 Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) release of epinephrine B) sympathetic sweat gland activation C) increase in ADH production D) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels	back 70 A) release of epinephrine
front 71 Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors C) glycogen is formed D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water	back 71 B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
front 72 Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) formation of sugar	back 72 B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

front 73 What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) glycogen buildup E) glucogenesis	back 73 B) metabolic acidosis
front 74 Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) No metabolism occurs. D) Only glucose metabolism occurs.	back 74 A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
front 75 In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________. A) production of energy B) production of some hormones C) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies D) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes	back 75 A) production of energy
front 76 The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) cholesterol B) phospholipids C) fatty acids D) triglycerides	back 76 D) triglycerides

front 77 Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed ________. A) radiation B) convection C) conduction D) evaporation	back 77 A) radiation
front 78 Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine D) insulin	back 78 D) insulin
front 79 Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) control of blood volume C) noninflammatory responses D) control of blood pressure	back 79 D) control of blood pressure
front 80 Which of the following is the most important function of the liver? A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D D) protein metabolism	back 80 D) protein metabolism

front 81 As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) liver B) brain C) pancreas D) spleen	back 81 B) brain
front 82 In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycerol B) glycogen C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon	back 82 A) glycerol
front 83 In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) glyceraldehyde B) pyruvic acid C) ammonia D) oxaloacetic acid Answer: C	back 83 C) ammonia
front 84 Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production? A) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B) shivering C) sweating D) enhanced thyroxine release	back 84 C) sweating

front 85 Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________. A) reducing activity B) the evaporation of sweat C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels	back 85 D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
front 86 The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) norepinephrine B) thyroxine C) prolactin D) ADH	back 86 B) thyroxine
front 87 When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) lactic acid	back 87 B) fatty acids
front 88 Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A) the way an individual metabolizes fat B) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) an individual's body weight	back 88 C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body

front 89 The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________. A) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age B) their appetite begins to diminish C) they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food D) they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat	back 89 A) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age
front 90 Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange? A) radiation B) conduction/convection C) evaporation D) shivering	back 90 D) shivering
front 91 Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The amino acid pool is the body’s total supply of amino acids in the body’s proteins. B) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. C) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate. D) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage.	back 91 A) The amino acid pool is the body’s total supply of amino acids in the body’s proteins.
front 92 Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads? A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA B) glucose-6-phosphate, lactic acid, acetyl CoA C) acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, ATP D) ATP, pyruvic acid, lactic acid	back 92 A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA

front 93 Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins	back 93 A) fats
front 94 Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) Krebs cycle D) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid	back 94 B) glycolysis
front 95 Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation? A) It occurs in the mitochondrion. B) Every second carbon is reduced. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments.	back 95 C) It involves the anabolism of fats.
front 96 Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.	back 96 C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.

front 97 Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) utilize hydrogenases B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons C) are rarely coupled together D) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen	back 97 B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons
front 98 What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) phosphorylation B) beta oxidation C) cellular respiration D) glycolysis	back 98 A) phosphorylation
front 99 Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) glycogenolysis in the liver B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract D) catabolism of cellular protein	back 99 C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract
front 100 Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. C) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle.	back 100 B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

front 101 Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish	back 101 D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
front 102 Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) adequate essential amino acids B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet D) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea	back 102 C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet
front 103 When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________. A) pant B) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels C) perspire heavily D) shiver	back 103 D) shiver
front 104 Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) glycogenolysis B) triglyceride anabolism C) protein anabolism D) lipogenesis	back 104 A) glycogenolysis

front 105 Which of the following is not a function of LDLs? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis D) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells	back 105 A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
front 106 Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.	back 106 A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
front 107 The Krebs cycle produces ________ ATP molecules per glucose molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation.	back 107 two
front 108 Which nutritional state constitutes the period during and shortly after eating when nutrients are flushing into the bloodstream from the GI tract?	back 108 absorptive

front 109 Fat burning causes an accumulation of acetyl CoA, which the liver converts to ________.	back 109 ketones
front 110 ________ is controlled hyperthermia	back 110 Fever
front 111 The enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions by removing hydrogen are specifically called ________.	back 111 dehydrogenases
front 112 The process of splitting glucose through a series of steps that produces two pyruvic acid molecules is called ________.	back 112 glycolysis

front 113

In the Krebs cycle, citric acid is followed by ________ acid.

back 113

isocitric