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Chapter 23 The Digestive System

front 1 Mucosa	back 1 A
front 2 Duodenal glands found here	back 2 B
front 3 Smooth muscle layer	back 3 C
front 4 MALT found here	back 4 B

front 5 Serosa	back 5 D
front 6 Area of the lamina propria	back 6 A
front 7 Continuation of the mesentery	back 7 D
front 8 Absorptive cells that line the intestinal tract.	back 8 B

front 9 Cell type specialized to secrete mucus into the lumen of the intestinal tract.	back 9 D
front 10 Structures that increase the absorptive area of the small intestine.	back 10 A
front 11 Wide lymph capillary located in the villus	back 11 C
front 12 Paneth cells are found here	back 12 E

front 13 Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube. A) Peristalsis B) Absorption C) Digestion D) Hydrolysis	back 13 A
front 14 Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances that can be absorbed. A) Peristalsis B) Absorption C) Digestion D) Hydrolysis	back 14 C
front 15 Enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule. A) Peristalsis B) Absorption C) Digestion D) Hydrolysis	back 15 D
front 16 Process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph. A) Peristalsis B) Absorption C) Digestion D) Hydrolysis	back 16 B

front 17 Produces enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuffs.	back 17 D
front 18 Increases surface area for absorption via villi and microvilli.	back 18 B
front 19 Bacteria process undigested chyme from the small intestine.	back 19 E
front 20 Only digestive structure with three muscle layers.	back 20 C

front 21 Receives blood via the hepatic portal system.	back 21 A
front 22 Contains the brush border enzymes that complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins.	back 22 B
front 23 Main function is to filter and process the nutrient-rich blood delivered to it.	back 23 A
front 24 Produces intrinsic factor.	back 24 C

front 25 Produces a mucoid barrier.	back 25 C
front 26 True/False Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is completely digested and the waste prepared for elimination.	back 26 True
front 27 True/False The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine.	back 27 True
front 28 True/False As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients are more readily available to the body.	back 28 True

front 29 True/False Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl.	back 29 True
front 30 True/False Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells	back 30 True
front 31 True/False The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.	back 31 False
front 32 True/False All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.	back 32 True

front 33 True/False Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.	back 33 False
front 34 True/False The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.	back 34 True
front 35 True/False The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.	back 35 True
front 36 True/False The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.	back 36 True

front 37 True/False Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.	back 37 True
front 38 True/False The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility	back 38 True
front 39 True/False The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth.	back 39 True
front 40 True/False Dentin anchors the tooth in place	back 40 False

front 41 True/False The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.	back 41 True
front 42 True/False The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function	back 42 True
front 43 True/False Another term for swallowing is deglutition.	back 43 True
front 44 True/False The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress-relaxation response is termed plasticity	back 44 True

front 45 True/False The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.	back 45 False
front 46 True/False The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme.	back 46 True
front 47 True/False Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport.	back 47 True
front 48 True/False Ionic iron is actively transported into the mucosal cells, where it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier.	back 48 True

front 49 True/False Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by myxovirus.	back 49 True
front 50 True/False Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.	back 50 True
front 51 True/False The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.	back 51 False
front 52 The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen B) in the walls of the tract organs C) in the pons and medulla D) only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage	back 52 B) in the walls of the tract organs

front 53 The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage C) distribute hormones D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low	back 53 B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
front 54 The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. A) digestion B) absorption C) ingestion D) secretion	back 54 A) digestion
front 55 When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. A) absorption B) secretion C) chemical digestion D) mechanical digestion	back 55 C) chemical digestion
front 56 The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. A) mesenteries B) lamina propria C) serosal lining D) mucosal lining	back 56 A) mesenteries

front 57 From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa	back 57 D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
front 58 Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? A) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus B) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells C) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells D) rennin	back 58 D) rennin
front 59 What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? A) crown B) enamel C) pulp D) cementum	back 59 B) enamel
front 60 The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) muscularis mucosae B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria	back 60 D) lamina propria

front 61 Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin D) gastric inhibitor peptide	back 61 C) cholecystokinin
front 62 Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. A) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion. B) Bile functions to emulsify fats. C) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs. D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.	back 62 D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
front 63 The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A) plicae circulares and intestinal villi B) the vast array of digestive enzymes C) Brunner's glands D) the rugae	back 63 A) plicae circulares and intestinal villi
front 64 Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong.	back 64 C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.

front 65 Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.	back 65 A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
front 66 Which of the following is not true of saliva? A) cleanses the mouth B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins C) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus D) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted	back 66 B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
front 67 The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells? A) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells B) parietal cells and glial cells C) serous cells and mucous cells D) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells	back 67 C) serous cells and mucous cells
front 68 The solutes contained in saliva include ________. A) only salts and minerals B) only proteases and amylase C) mucin, lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals D) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA	back 68 D) electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA

front 69 In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins B) is the first site where absorption takes place C) is the only place where fats are completely digested D) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place	back 69 A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
front 70 Chyme is created in the ________. A) mouth B) stomach C) esophagus D) small intestine	back 70 B) stomach
front 71 Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) chief cells B) parietal cells C) serous cells D) mucous neck cells	back 71 B) parietal cells
front 72 Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? A) enteroendocrine cells B) parietal cells C) zymogenic cells D) mucous neck cells	back 72 A) enteroendocrine cells

front 73 There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients C) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time D) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required	back 73 A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
front 74 Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another	back 74 D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
front 75 Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. A) starches and complex carbohydrates B) protein and peptide fragments C) simple carbohydrates and alcohols D) fatty acids	back 75 B) protein and peptide fragments
front 76 Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. A) chief cells of the stomach B) parietal cells of the duodenum C) Brunner's glands D) goblet cells of the small intestine	back 76 A) chief cells of the stomach

front 77 You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? A) gastrin B) amylase C) cholecystokinin D) trypsin	back 77 B) amylase
front 78 The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. A) portal vein B) pancreatic acini C) bile canaliculus D) hepatopancreatic ampulla	back 78 D) hepatopancreatic ampulla
front 79 The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. A) diffusion B) active transport C) hydrolysis D) denatured	back 79 C) hydrolysis
front 80 Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) rennin B) pepsin C) lipase D) cholecystokinin	back 80 C) lipase

front 81 Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A) mucin B) pepsinogen C) hydrochloric acid D) rennin	back 81 C) hydrochloric acid
front 82 Hepatocytes do not ________. A) produce digestive enzymes B) process nutrients C) store fat-soluble vitamins D) detoxify	back 82 A) produce digestive enzymes
front 83 Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) cephalic B) gastric C) intestinal D) enterogastric	back 83 D) enterogastric
front 84 Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A) B12 B) K C) A D) C	back 84 A) B12

front 85 Chief cells ________. A) occur in the intestine B) produce HCl C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands D) produce mucin	back 85 C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands
front 86 Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. A) mastication B) catabolism C) anabolism D) fermentation	back 86 B) catabolism
front 87 The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. A) liver B) spleen C) pancreas D) stomach	back 87 A) liver
front 88 If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. A) serosa B) mucosa C) muscularis externa D) submucosa	back 88 A) serosa

front 89 The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________. A) duodenum B) ileum C) jejunum D) pyloric sphincter	back 89 B) ileum
front 90 The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) incisor tooth B) molar tooth C) premolar tooth D) canine tooth	back 90 D) canine tooth
front 91 Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) starches	back 91 A) lipids
front 92 ________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor. A) Iron B) Sodium C) Phosphorus D) Calcium	back 92 D) Calcium

front 93 Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________. A) omenta B) peritoneum C) mesentery D) round ligament	back 93 D) round ligament
front 94 The lamina propria is composed of ________. A) loose connective tissue B) dense irregular connective tissue C) dense regular connective tissue D) reticular connective tissue	back 94 A) loose connective tissue
front 95 ________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion. A) Distension B) Carbohydrates C) Peptides D) Low acidity	back 95 B) Carbohydrates
front 96 Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________. A) accessory pancreatic duct B) main pancreatic duct C) cystic duct D) hepatopancreatic ampulla	back 96 C) cystic duct

front 97 The function of the goblet cells is to ________. A) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food	back 97 B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
front 98 Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? A) produce gas B) absorb bilirubin C) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins D) synthesize vitamins C and D	back 98 C) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
front 99 Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. A) somatic neurons in the spinal cord B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus C) the rubrospinal tracts D) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts	back 99 B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
front 100 Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? A) fungiform and circumvallate B) palatine and circumvallate C) circumvallate and filiform D) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform	back 100 A) fungiform and circumvallate

front 101 Which of the following produce intrinsic factor? A) parietal cells B) zymogenic cells C) mucous neck cells D) enteroendocrine cells	back 101 A) parietal cells
front 102 Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? A) dextrinase B) amylase C) trypsin D) lipase	back 102 C) trypsin
front 103 Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? A) tongue B) esophagus C) nasal cavity D) salivary glands	back 103 A) tongue
front 104 A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________. A) bile B) pancreatic juice C) intestinal juice D) gastric juice	back 104 A) bile

front 105 The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) muscularis externa D) serosa	back 105 B) submucosa
front 106 Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. A) does not contain villi B) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli C) is longer than the small intestine D) has haustra	back 106 C) is longer than the small intestine
front 107 What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? A) HCl B) pepsinogen C) intrinsic factor D) gastric lipase	back 107 C) intrinsic factor
front 108 How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa? A) simple diffusion B) facilitated diffusion C) active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy D) bulk flow	back 108 C) active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy

front 109 Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. A) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. B) The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. D) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).	back 109 C) Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
front 110 Paneth cells ________. A) are more common in the ileum than in the jejunum B) are absorptive cells in the small intestine C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria D) are located next to the lacteal in a villus	back 110 C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
front 111 Select the correct statement about digestive processes. A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach	back 111 C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
front 112 Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action	back 112 B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction

front 113 Select the correct statement about absorption. A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries. C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. D) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.	back 113 C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.
front 114 Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. A) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport. B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.	back 114 D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
front 115 You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food? A) the pancreas B) the buccal glands C) the thyroid gland D) the parotid glands	back 115 A) the pancreas
front 116 The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? A) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes. B) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. D) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food	back 116 C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

front 117 The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from ________. A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) pachyderm	back 117 C) endoderm
front 118 A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. A) acidosis B) ketosis C) alkalosis D) dysphagia	back 118 C) alkalosis
front 119 Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. A) ACh B) secretin C) gastrin D) histamine	back 119 B) secretin
front 120 Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? A) hepatic portal vein B) inferior vena cava C) superior mesenteric artery D) celiac artery	back 120 B) inferior vena cava

front 121 Which of these is not a component of saliva? A) lysozyme B) a cyanide compound C) defensins D) nitric oxide	back 121 D) nitric oxide
front 122 There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems. A) D B) A C) M D) E	back 122 B) A
front 123 The longest portion of the small intestine is the ________.	back 123 ileum
front 124 ________ is the principal enzyme for breaking down carbohydrates.	back 124 Amylase

front 125 ________ cells of the stomach secrete HCl.	back 125 Parietal
front 126 The chief bile pigment is ________.	back 126 bilirubin
front 127 ________ is another word for vomiting	back 127 Emesis
front 128 The portal triad contains ________.	back 128 a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct.

front 129 ________ cells are found in the sinusoids of the liver, and they remove debris from the blood as it flows past.	back 129 Kupffer
front 130 ________ peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs.	back 130 Visceral
front 131 The ________ ligament anchors a tooth in the alveolus of the jaw.	back 131 periodontal
front 132 The ________ phase of gastric secretions occurs before food enters the stomach.	back 132 cephalic (or reflex)

front 133

The round ligament is a remnant of the fetal ________.

back 133

umbilical vein