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Chapter 22- Lymphatic System & Immunity

front 1 Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called __________. complement NK cells lymphocytes pathogens	back 1 pathogens
front 2 Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation? right jugular trunk right lymphatic duct intestinal trunk thoracic duct	back 2 The thoracic duct collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation.
front 3 Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies? natural killer cell B cell cytotoxic T cell helper T cell	back 3 B cell
front 4 Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the __________. thymus mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue tonsils spleen	back 4 tonsils

front 5 The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral border of the stomach, is the __________. thymus spleen MALT tonsils	back 5 Correct Answer: spleen The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral border of the stomach, is the spleen.
front 6 Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris? inflammation phagocytes complement immunological surveillance	back 6 phagocytes
front 7 Which cells are involved in immunological surveillance? mast cells B cells cytotoxic T cells natural killer cells	back 7 Correct Answer: natural killer cells Natural killer cells are involved in immunological surveillance and are responsible for killing tumor cells or cells infected by a virus.
front 8 Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain? inflammation complement interferons phagocytosis	back 8 inflammation

front 9 Which of the following is NOT an effect of complement activation? stimulation of inflammation release of pyrogens to cause a fever destruction of target cell membranes attraction of phagocytes	back 9 Correct Answer: release of pyrogens to cause a fever Complement activation can stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis, and destroy target plasma membranes. It does not cause the release of pyrogens.
front 10 A child is given a vaccine to polio. What form of immunity does this represent? artificially induced active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity innate immunity naturally acquired active immunity	back 10 Correct Answer: artificially induced active immunity A vaccine is an example of artificially induced active immunity.
front 11 What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chickenpox when he is six years old and still be immune to chickenpox at age 45? memory tolerance specificity versatility	back 11 Correct Answer: memory Immunological memory allows the immune system to recognize and respond to an antigen years after the initial encounter.
front 12 What type of cell surface protein is found only on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes and allows them to communicate with each other? CD4 MHC I MHC II CD8	back 12 Correct Answer: MHC II MHC II proteins are found on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes and allow them to communicate with each other.

front 13 What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells? suppressor T cell helper T cell cytotoxic T cell memory T cell	back 13 Correct Answer: cytotoxic T cell Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells.
front 14 What is the name for the type of B cell that synthesizes and secretes large quantities of antibodies? microphage plasma cell memory cell NK cell	back 14 plasma cell
front 15 Which antibody is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen and is a pentamer (made of five antibody molecules)? IgE IgG IgA IgM	back 15 Correct Answer: IgM IgM is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen and is a pentamer.
front 16 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary response to antigen exposure? produces a large amount of IgG inhibits the formation of an infection is caused by memory B cells does not peak until one to two weeks after antigen exposure	back 16 Correct Answer: does not peak until one to two weeks after antigen exposure The secondary response to antigen exposure is caused by the rapid response of memory B cells that produce much higher levels of antibodies than the primary response. In most cases, the secondary response prevents infection.

front 17 What type of immune disorder is characterized by autoantibodies that attack body cells and tissues? hypersensitivity immunodeficiency autoimmune disorder anaphylaxis	back 17 Correct Answer: autoimmune disorder An autoimmune disorder is an immune disorder characterized by autoantibodies that attack body cells and tissues.
front 18 AIDS is an example of __________. an immunodeficiency an immune complex disorder an autoimmune disorder a hypersensitivity	back 18 an immunodeficiency
front 19 Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the immune system? Immune surveillance declines. The number of helper T cells declines. B cells are more receptive to antigens. There is a decline in circulating thymic hormones.	back 19 Correct Answer: B cells are more receptive to antigens. With advancing age, the thymic hormones are reduced, immune surveillance declines, and the number of helper T cells declines. B cells, because of the lack of helper T cells, are less receptive to antigens.
front 20 The CNS can affect the lymphatic system by __________. producing cytokines innervating dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues and organs All of the listed responses are correct. decreasing immune function in times of emotional distress	back 20 Correct Answer: All of the listed responses are correct. The CNS can affect lymphatic function because it innervates dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues and organs and produces cytokines. Also, in times of emotional distress immune function can suddenly decline.

front 21 Label the following components in the diagram of the lymphatic system.	back 21 A. thoracic (left lymphatic) duct B. cisterna chyli C. inguinal lymph nodes D. tonsil E. mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in intestinal tract F. right lymphatic duct
front 22 Correctly match the terms with the appropriate structures of the lymph node.	back 22 A. Efferent Vessel B. Afferent Vessel C. Hilum D. Capsule E. Medulla F. Cortex
front 23 Correctly identify the cells and structures involved in antibody-mediated immunity.	back 23 A. Memory B cells B. Antigens C. Helper T cells D. Class II MHC E. Sensitized B Cell F. Plasma Cells
front 24 Place the following stages of a bacterial infection in the proper order from (1) through (6): Inflammation, lymphokines, and monokines attract phagocytes. Neutrophils and NK cells migrate into the infected area. Pathogens are removed by macrophages as antibody clumping occurs. B cells differentiate, and the number of plasma cells increases. A gradual sustained increase in antibodies occurs. Cytotoxic T cells appear.	back 24 1. Neutrophils and NK cells migrate into the infected area. 2. Inflammation, lymphokines, and monokines attract phagocytes. 3. Cytotoxic T cells appear. 4. B cells differentiate, and the number of plasma cells increases. 5. A gradual sustained increase in antibodies occurs. 6. Pathogens are removed by macrophages as antibody clumping occurs.

front 25 Prevent the approach of and deny access to pathogens	back 25 Physical Barriers
front 26 Remove debris and pathogens	back 26 Phagocytes
front 27 Destroys abnormal cells	back 27 Immunological surveillance
front 28 Increases resistance of cells to viral infection	back 28 Interferon

front 29 Attacks and breaks down target cell membranes, promoting phagocytosis	back 29 Complement System
front 30 Mobilizes defenses and accelerates repairs	back 30 Fever
front 31 Genetically determined, no prior exposure or antibody production involved	back 31 Innate immunity
front 32 Produced by transfer of antibodies from another person	back 32 Artificially acquired passive immunity

front 33 Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease	back 33 Artificially induced active immunity
front 34 Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk	back 34 Naturally acquired passive immunity
front 35 Develops after exposure to antigens in environment	back 35 Naturally induced active immunity
front 36 Produced by exposure to an antigen, not present at birth	back 36 Adaptive immunity

front 37 These originate as blind pockets, may contain lymphocytes and do contain walls with cells not tightly bound together.	back 37 Lymphatic capillaries
front 38 Located in the mediastinum, this organ is largest in children but diminishes with age, and it is the site of T cell maturation.	back 38 Thymus
front 39 Containing both red and white pulp, this is a site for the removal of abnormal blood cells and is used to initiate responses by B and T cells.	back 39 Spleen
front 40 The smallest of organs, these may have a diameter of up to 1 inch and contain afferent and efferent lymphatics.	back 40 Lymph Nodes

front 41 Most people have five of these structures, which are located in the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal areas.	back 41 Tonsils
front 42 The ability of the immune system to ignore normal, self antigens while responding to foreign, nonself antigens.	back 42 Tolerance
front 43 The ability of the immune system to respond to tens of thousands of antigens by producing an enormous number of lymphocyte populations, each with sensitivity to a unique set of antigens.	back 43 Versatility
front 44 The ability of the immune system to produce a response to a particular antigen and no other. This is a result of the ability to activate specific lymphocytes.	back 44 Specificity

front 45 The ability of the immune system to "remember" specific antigens through the production of memory cells, which are produced after an initial exposure and are saved in case of a second exposure to an antigen.	back 45 Memory
front 46 Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system? defense of the body against pathogens defense of the body against cancer transport of respiratory gases defense of the body against pathogens and defense of the body against cancer All of the listed responses are correct.	back 46 defense of the body against pathogens and defense of the body against cancer
front 47 Adaptive responses __________. include fever target a specific antigen each time it is activated respond to a variety of foreign antigens include complement and interferons	back 47 target a specific antigen each time it is activated
front 48 The majority of lymph fluid in the body returns to the venous circulation via the __________. right lymphatic duct intestinal tract cisterna chyli thoracic duct	back 48 thoracic duct

front 49 B lymphocytes are responsible for __________. cell-mediated immunity regulating the immune response humoral immunity immunological surveillance	back 49 humoral immunity
front 50 T cells originate and complete their development in the __________. thymus bone marrow lymph nodes spleen	back 50 thymus
front 51 Lymphoid tissues __________. are dominated by lymphocytes lack a distinct boundary are surrounded by a fibrous capsule are dominated by lymphocytes and lack a distinct boundary are dominated by lymphocytes and are surrounded by a fibrous capsule	back 51 are dominated by lymphocytes and lack a distinct boundary
front 52 Lymphoid organs include which of the following? tonsils spleen gallbladder spleen and tonsils None of the listed responses is correct.	back 52 spleen and tonsils

front 53 Lymph nodes function as __________. filters an early warning system filters and an early warning system None of the listed responses is correct.	back 53 filters and an early warning system
front 54 The spleen __________. produces a hormone that functions to mature lymphocytes removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation and initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens All of the listed responses are correct.	back 54 removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation and initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens
front 55 The smallest lymphatic vessels are called __________. deep lymphatics superficial lymphatics lymph ducts lymph capillaries	back 55 lymph capillaries
front 56 Which of the following is NOT a class of lymphocyte? NK cells neutrophils T cells B cells	back 56 neutrophils

front 57 Which of the following statements about B cells is INCORRECT? B cells attack and kill cells infected with viruses. B cells can become cells that secrete antibodies. B cells account for 10–15 percent of circulating lymphocytes. B cells can differentiate into plasma cells.	back 57 B cells attack and kill cells infected with viruses.
front 58 Which of the following statements concerning the thymus is INCORRECT? The thymus reaches its greatest size after 25 years. The capsule that covers the thymus divides it into thymic lobes. Cells of the thymic cortex maintain the blood–thymus barrier and secrete thymosins. Thymic lobules consist of a densely packed outer cortex and a paler central medulla. The thymus lies behind the sternum.	back 58 The thymus reaches its greatest size after 25 years.
front 59 Which of the following terms describes the degeneration of tissue cells that have been damaged or destroyed by injury? necrosis antigen processing consolidation fever	back 59 necrosis
front 60 Which of the following are characteristics of free macrophages and microphages? adhesion chemotaxis diapedesis All of the listed responses are correct.	back 60 All of the listed responses are correct.

front 61 Natural killer cells destroy other cells by secreting __________. perforins lysozyme cytokines cytokines and lysozyme None of the listed responses is correct.	back 61 perforins
front 62 Interferons __________. are small proteins slow the spread of viral infections stimulate NK cell activity All of the listed responses are correct.	back 62 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 63 Opsonization __________. facilitates phagocytosis inhibits phagocytosis lyses cell membranes All of the listed responses are correct.	back 63 facilitates phagocytosis
front 64 Innate defenses include __________. sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin, which aid in blocking the entry of harmful pathogens through the skin natural killer cells, which destroy abnormal cells pyrogens, the release of which can elevate body temperatures above 37.2°C complement, a collection of proteins that can respond to the presence of antibodies on an abnormal cell and aid in the lysis of that cell All of the listed responses are correct.	back 64 All of the listed responses are correct.

front 65 Which of the following is NOT an effect of phagocytic activity? engulfing a pathogen or other foreign object and destroying that object by lysosomal enzymes elevating body temperature to increase body metabolism and potentially limit bacteria and viruses binding to or removing a pathogen from interstitial fluid and then destroying it with the help of other cells releasing tumor necrosis factor, leading to the death of the targeted pathogen	back 65 elevating body temperature to increase body metabolism and potentially limit bacteria and viruses
front 66 Which of the following statements concerning inflammation and response to injury is INCORRECT? Clotting factors and complement proteins leave the bloodstream and enter the injured area. Fixed and free macrophages actively engulf pathogens and cell debris. Debris and bacteria are attacked by neutrophils drawn to the area by chemotaxis. Released histamine decreases capillary permeability and decreases blood flow through the area.	back 66 Released histamine decreases capillary permeability and decreases blood flow through the area.
front 67 T cells are responsible for __________. humoral immunity cellular immunity cell-mediated immunity both cell-mediated immunity and cellular immunity	back 67 both cell-mediated immunity and cellular immunity
front 68 Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity? Antibodies pass from mother to the developing child in the womb. An adult contracts a streptococcus infection and recovers in a couple of weeks. A child receives the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. A child bitten by a rabid animal receives an injection of rabies antibodies. All of the listed responses are correct.	back 68 An adult contracts a streptococcus infection and recovers in a couple of weeks.

front 69 Cells of the immune system usually ignore antigens found in the body. This is called __________. tolerance specificity versatility memory All of the listed responses are correct.	back 69 tolerance
front 70 Many American children of the 1950s suffered terribly from the polio virus until the Salk and Sabin vaccines were developed. These vaccines introduced inactivated viruses into the bodies of the vaccine recipients. The type of immunity conferred through this method is called __________. artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity innate immunity artificially induced active immunity	back 70 artificially induced active immunity
front 71 CD4 and CD8 markers __________. are produced and released into circulation by plasma cells are used in the process of costimulation, a necessary activity for the activation of T cells suppress the immune response after a specific response has been made All of the listed responses are correct.	back 71 are used in the process of costimulation, a necessary activity for the activation of T cells
front 72 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins are __________. found only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells found in every nucleated cell in the body found in every cell in the body found only in foreign cells	back 72 found in every nucleated cell in the body

front 73 MHC class II proteins are found __________. in all nucleated cells in the body only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells in all cells in the body only in foreign proteins	back 73 only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
front 74 Cytotoxic (killer) T cells can destroy a target cell by each of the following processes EXCEPT __________. releasing lymphotoxin secreting antibodies that destroy cell membranes releasing perforin to rupture the cell membrane activating genes that dictate the death of the target cell	back 74 secreting antibodies that destroy cell membranes
front 75 The second response to a single antigen __________ the first response. is weaker than is stronger and longer-lasting than is equal to varies, depending on circumstances, with	back 75 is stronger and longer-lasting than
front 76 Which cell is needed to activate B cells? helper T cells cytotoxic T cells plasma cells phagocytes	back 76 helper T cells

front 77 The antigen-binding sites are found in the __________. variable segments light segments constant segments heavy segments	back 77 variable segments
front 78 The antigen–antibody complex may result in __________. agglutination prevention of adhesion complement activation attraction of phagocytes All of the listed responses are correct.	back 78 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 79 Which type of antibody is secreted first after the arrival of an antigen? IgA IgM IgE IGg	back 79 IgM
front 80 A fetus gains most of its immunity from __________. IgG antibodies secreted by fetal T cells IgA antibodies secreted by the placenta IgM antibodies produced by its liver IgG antibodies that cross the placenta from its mother	back 80 IgG antibodies that cross the placenta from its mother

front 81 Which of the following diseases is caused by a retrovirus that targets helper T cells and is contracted by intimate contact with the body fluids of infected individuals? filariasis SCID rheumatoid arthritis AIDS appendicitis	back 81 AIDS
front 82 What are colony-stimulating factors? cytokines that slow the growth of a tumor or kill sensitive tumor cells cytokines that enable the producing cell of cell neighbors to be virus resistant cytokines that stimulate B cell activity and T cell sensitivity cytokines that stimulate the production of blood cells in bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymph organs and tissues	back 82 cytokines that stimulate the production of blood cells in bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymph organs and tissues
front 83 Which of the following is NOT a function of interleukin? moderating the immune response decreasing T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes enhancing nonspecific defenses stimulating B cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production	back 83 decreasing T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes
front 84 A disorder in which the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues is known as an __________. anaphylactic reaction immunodeficiency disease allergy autoimmune disease	back 84 autoimmune disease

front 85 True/False. T cells produce antibodies, thus giving antibody-mediated immunity.	back 85 False T cells are classified as cytotoxic, helper, memory, or suppressor cells, but they do not produce antibodies. That is the job of B cells.
front 86 True/False. Immunosurveillance is an innate defense characterized by NK cells destroying cancer cells or cells infected with a virus.	back 86 True
front 87 True/False. Interferons are important in the resistance of tissues to viral infection.	back 87 True
front 88 True/False. Lymph is similar to plasma, except lymph contains more proteins.	back 88 False Large proteins are retained by the capillaries and never enter the tissues as part of the lymph.

front 89 True/False. The most abundant and diverse class of antibodies is the IgM class.	back 89 False IgM class antibodies are the first to be secreted on exposure to an antigen, but they are not the most abundant or diverse class.
front 90 NK cells destroy other cells by releasing ___ from secretory vesicles.	back 90 perforin
front 91 The continued secretion of ___ during stress can inhibit the immune response and lower resistance to disease.	back 91 glucocorticoids
front 92 This saclike chamber collects lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. ___ ___ (Use two words.)	back 92 cisterna chyli

front 93 The cell that is not a specific immunity cell but a type of lymphocyte that provides immunosurveillance is called a(n) ___ cell.	back 93 natural killer NK
front 94 The enhancement of phagocytosis caused by the coating of a pathogen with antibodies is called ____ .	back 94 opsonization
front 95 To which of the following would the immune system NOT respond? influenza virus decreased levels of blood flow at the kidney physical injury (penetration of a foreign object) to the skin a parasitic worm cancerous cell in the lung	back 95 decreased levels of blood flow at the kidney
front 96 The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that CANNOT distinguish one potential threat from another are called __________. abnormal nontoxicity the immune response innate defenses adaptive defenses	back 96 innate defenses

front 97 The MAJOR components of the lymphatic system include the __________. thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, and lymph nodes spleen, thymus, and tonsils lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs lymph nodes, lymph, and lymphocytes	back 97 lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs
front 98 Which of the following is an example of a free macrophage? alveolar macrophage microglial cell Kupffer cell All of the listed responses are correct.	back 98 alveolar macrophage
front 99 Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________. helper T and suppressor T cells plasma cells B cells NK and B cells	back 99 helper T and suppressor T cells
front 100 Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the __________. spleen and liver blood and the lymph lymph in the lymphatic tissues bone marrow and lymphatic tissues	back 100 bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

front 101 The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the __________. lymphatic nodules tonsils adult spleen thymus gland	back 101 adult spleen
front 102 Mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense? pyrogens phagocytes interferons physical barriers complement	back 102 physical barriers
front 103 The "first line" of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is __________. phagocytes interferon complement system pathogens	back 103 phagocytes
front 104 NK cells contain the proteins perforin and protectin that provide a type of immunity called __________. the complement system the inflammatory response immunological surveillance phagocytes	back 104 immunological surveillance

front 105 What are the two major ways that the body "carries out" the immune response to a specific antigen? direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies phagocytosis and the inflammatory response immunological surveillance and fever physical barriers and the complement system	back 105 direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies
front 106 An adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by __________. an antigen inflammation fever an antibody	back 106 an antigen
front 107 Which type of immunity develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment? artificially induced active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially induced passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity	back 107 naturally acquired active immunity
front 108 The fact that people are NOT subject to the same diseases as goldfish describes the presence of __________. innate immunity passive immunity acquired immunity active immunity	back 108 innate immunity

front 109 A cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which of the following? a cytotoxic reaction an autoimmune disease immediate hypersensitivity delayed hypersensitivity	back 109 a cytotoxic reaction
front 110 Before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processed by __________. a cytotoxic T cell a neutrophil a macrophage an NK cell	back 110 a macrophage
front 111 The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are __________. cytotoxic T cells memory TC cells suppressor T cells CD4 T cells	back 111 suppressor T cells
front 112 Which of the following lymphatic structures do(es) NOT display the outer cortex/inner medulla pattern? tonsils lymph node spleen thymus tonsils and spleen thymus and lymph node	back 112 tonsils and spleen

front 113 Activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized to __________. produce helper T cells synthesize and secrete antibodies direct a physical and chemical attack All of the listed responses are correct.	back 113 synthesize and secrete antibodies
front 114 An antibody exhibits a high degree of flexibility as a result of the interchangeability of the __________. heavy chain light chain constant segment variable segment	back 114 variable segment
front 115 Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of __________. cytotoxic T cells basophils and mast cells plasma cells and memory B cells suppressor T cells	back 115 basophils and mast cells
front 116 The epitope site is the certain portion of the antigen's exposed surface where __________. the foreign "body" attacks the antibody attaches phagocytosis occurs the immune surveillance system is activated	back 116 the antibody attaches

front 117 For a B cell to be activated, it must __________. be bound by a helper T cell at a class II MHC undergo the process of opsonization bind an antigen to a surface antibody be bound by a helper T cell at a class II MHC and bind an antigen to a surface antibody All of the listed responses are correct.	back 117 be bound by a helper T cell at a class II MHC and bind an antigen to a surface antibody
front 118 The effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the body include which of the following? slowing tumor growth and killing sensitive tumor cells stimulating granulocyte production increasing T cell sensitivity to interleukins All of the listed responses are correct.	back 118 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 119 The ability to demonstrate an immune response after exposure to an antigen is called __________. immunosuppression passive immunity anaphylaxis immunological competence	back 119 immunological competence
front 120 A baby developing in the womb has _____________________ immunity because it receives __________ antibodies from its mother. naturally acquired passive; IgE naturally induced active; IgA antibody-mediated; IgM naturally acquired passive; IgG	back 120 naturally acquired passive; IgG

front 121 When an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is __________. immune system failure depression of the inflammatory response an autoimmune disorder the development of an allergy	back 121 an autoimmune disorder
front 122 Cells of the immune system influence CNS and endocrine activity by __________. increasing circulating thyroid hormone levels during immune responses stimulating cell and tissue metabolism secreting endorphins and thymic hormones All of the listed responses are correct.	back 122 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 123 Depression of the immune system due to chronic stress may cause __________. a reduction in the activities and numbers of phagocytes in peripheral tissues depression of the inflammatory response the inhibition of interleukin secretion All of the listed responses are correct.	back 123 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 124 Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system? involution of the thymus, leading to fewer T cells in circulation increased production of pyrogens, leading to a higher general body temperature a decrease in immunosurveillance activity, leading to higher rates of cancer a decrease in responsive B cells, leading to increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection	back 124 increased production of pyrogens, leading to a higher general body temperature

front 125 Which type of lymphocyte does NOT release perforins? helper T cell cytotoxic T cell both B cell and helper T cell B cell NK cell	back 125 both B cell and helper T cell
front 126 The primary effects of complement activation include which of the following? stimulation and inflammation attraction of phagocytes and enhancement of phagocytosis destruction of target cell membranes All of the listed responses are correct.	back 126 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 127 Which of the following nonspecific responses is characterized by the use of C3, properdin, factor B, and factor D? physical barriers complement, alternative pathway complement, classical pathway immunosurveillance fever	back 127 complement, alternative pathway
front 128 Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the __________. thoracic duct bloodstream lymph capillaries lymph nodes	back 128 lymph capillaries

front 129 When an antigen appears, the adaptive immune system response begins with __________. the activation of the complement system the activation of specific T cells and B cells the presence of immunoglobulins in body fluids the release of endogenous pyrogens	back 129 the activation of specific T cells and B cells
front 130 In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense? destruction of cell membranes containing abnormal antigens stimulation and coordination of inflammation by release of histamine and heparin secretion of suppression factors that inhibit the immune response antigen presentation bound to class II MHC proteins	back 130 stimulation and coordination of inflammation by release of histamine and heparin
front 131 Chemical mediators of inflammation include which of the following? histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and complement epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine kinins, opsonins, epinephrine, and leukotrienes All of the listed responses are correct.	back 131 histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and complement
front 132 T cells that are activated by costimulation involving a class I MHC and CD8 markers are called __________. cytotoxic T cells plasma cells memory B cells helper T cells	back 132 cytotoxic T cells

front 133 B lymphocytes differentiate into __________. memory and plasma cells helper and suppressor cells cytotoxic and suppressor cells memory and helper cells	back 133 memory and plasma cells
front 134 __________ cells may activate B cells, whereas _________ cells inhibit the activity of B cells. Helper T; suppressor T Memory; plasma Memory; cytotoxic Macrophages; microphages	back 134 Helper T; suppressor T
front 135 The primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells. helper T suppressor T memory cytotoxic T	back 135 cytotoxic T
front 136 The vaccination of antigenic materials into the body is called __________. naturally acquired passive immunity artificially induced active immunity naturally acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity	back 136 artificially induced active immunity

front 137 In passive immunity, __________ are introduced into the body by injection. T and B cells lymphocytes antibodies antigens	back 137 antibodies
front 138 What is the lymphatic function of the white pulp of the spleen? release of splenic hormones into lymphatic vessels to degrade foreign proteins and toxins released by bacteria phagocytosis of abnormal blood cell components initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells	back 138 initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells
front 139 Which of the following is characteristic of the secondary response? massive antibody response begins almost immediately (less than one week) failure of pathogens to survive long enough to result in illness All of the listed responses are correct.	back 139 All of the listed responses are correct.
front 140 The antibodies produced and secreted by B lymphocytes are soluble proteins called __________. agglutinins immunoglobulins lymphokines leukotrienes	back 140 immunoglobulins

front 141 The genes found in a region called the major histocompatibility complex are also called __________. autoantibodies human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) immunoglobulins (IgG) alpha and gamma interferons	back 141 human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
front 142 Memory B cells do NOT differentiate into plasma cells UNLESS they __________. are initially subjected to a specific antigen are stimulated by passive immunization are exposed to the same antigen a second time are stimulated by active immunization	back 142 are exposed to the same antigen a second time
front 143 The three-dimensional "fit" between the variable segments of the antibody molecule and the corresponding antigenic determinant site is referred to as the __________. immunodeficiency complex antibody–antigen complex protein–complement complex All of the listed responses are correct.	back 143 antibody–antigen complex
front 144 One of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is __________. depression of the inflammatory response inhibition of interleukin secretion increased release of T and B cells decreased activity of cytotoxic T cells	back 144 depression of the inflammatory response