Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

48 notecards = 12 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

General Biology Test 1 Ch 6

front 1

Cell

back 1

lowest level of biological organization that can perform all activities required for life; all organisms are made of cells

front 2

Name the parts of the microscope from highest to lowest

back 2

eye piece, ocular lense, nosepiece, arm,objective lenses, stage clips, stage, condenser/iris or diaphragm, coarse focus, fine focus, light source, light switch, base

front 3

Light microscopes

back 3

can magnify up about 1,000 times actual size
most subcellular structures are too small to be resolved by light microscope

front 4

Electron microscopes

back 4

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) focus a beam of electrons into the surface area of a specimen

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

front 5

Basic features of all cells

back 5

Plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

front 6

Plasma membrane

back 6

selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste
constructed of phospholipid layer
surface are to volume ratio of a cell is critical for cell functions

front 7

Ribosomes

back 7

made of ribosomal RNA and protein
not membrane bound
carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol (free ribosomes)and on endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

front 8

Prokaryotic cells

back 8

no nucleus
DNA in region called nucleoid
no membrane bound organelles

front 9

Eukaryotic cells

back 9

DNA in nucleus bond by nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelle
generally larger than prokaryotic cells

front 10

Organelles

back 10

membrane enclosed structures with specific functions

front 11

Parts of a plant cell

back 11

Nucleus, Nuclear Membrane, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Vesicles, Central vacuole, Mitochondrion, Chloroplasts, Cell wall

front 12

Nucleus

back 12

contains most of cell's genes

front 13

Nuclear Membrane

back 13

encloses the nucleus with double membrane

front 14

Rough ER

back 14

has bound ribosomes, distributes transport vesicles, manufactures membranes

front 15

Smooth ER

back 15

synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies poisons, stores calcium

front 16

Ribosomes

back 16

carry out protein synthesis in two locations

front 17

Golgi apparatus

back 17

modifies products of ER, manufactures macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicle, "UPS store of cell"

front 18

Vesicles

back 18

breaks down substances in a cell to smaller molecules

front 19

Central vacuole

back 19

hold organic compounds and water; common in plane cells

front 20

Mitochondria

back 20

sites of cellular respiration to generate ATP
releases free energy when phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed
have double membrane
contains own DNA

front 21

Chloroplasts

back 21

function in photosynthesis, contain green pigment (only in plant cells)found in plants and algae
have double membrane
contains own DNA

front 22

Cell wall

back 22

protects cell
maintains shape
prevents over-expansion when eater enters cell (only in plant cells)

front 23

Chromatin

back 23

the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

front 24

Nuclear Lamina

back 24

composed of protein, maintains shape of nucleus

front 25

Components of Endomembrane system

back 25

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Plasma membrane

front 26

Endoplasmic reticulum

back 26

accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells (smooth or rough)

front 27

Lysosomes

back 27

membrane sac of hydrolic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules
fuses with food vacuole and digests the contents

front 28

Lysosomal enzymes

back 28

can hydrolize proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids (macromolecules)

front 29

Phagocytosis

back 29

"cell eating" engulfing other cells or particles. Creates food vacuole and digests

front 30

Vacuole

back 30

a eukaryotic cell may have one or several vacuoles
Food vacuoles: formed by phagocytosis
Contractive vacuoles: pump excess water out of cells

front 31

Peroxisomes

back 31

remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen
are oxidative organelles
metabolic compartments bonded by a single membrane
produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
break down molecules

front 32

Cytoskeleton

back 32

support the cell and maintain shape
Interacts with motor proteins for motility

front 33

Components of Cytoskeleton (3 types of fibers)

back 33

microtubes: thickest
intermediate filaments: middle diameter
microfilaments: thinnest components aka actin filaments

front 34

Microtubules

back 34

hollow rods
functions:
-shaping the cell
-guiding movement of organelles
-separating chromosomes during cell division
made of alpha (a) and beta (B) tubulin-
-control the beating of cilia and flagella, locomotor appendages of some cells

front 35

Centrosomes

back 35

in many cells microtubules grow out from centrosome near the nucleus
"microtubule-organizing center"
has a pair of centrioles: nine triples of microtubules arranged in a ring (animal cells)

front 36

Cilia

back 36

rowing motion locomotor
usually cover entire cell or side of cell

front 37

Flagella

back 37

swimming motion locomotor
usually 1-3 in a group

front 38

Intermediate Filaments

back 38

larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
support cell shape and fix organelles in place
are ;more permanent cytoskeleton structures

front 39

Microfilaments (Actin filaments)

back 39

solid rods built as twisted double chain of actin units
role is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell cortex: network inside the plasma membrane to support cell shape
bundles make up core of microrilli intestinal cells

front 40

Pseudopodia

back 40

the way a cell crawls along a surface
they are cellular extensions that extend and contract through the reversible assembly of contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments
speeds distribution of materials within the cell

front 41

Cytoplasmic streaming

back 41

circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

front 42

Cell walls of plants

back 42

found in plant cells, NOT animal cells
prokaryotes, fungi and some protists have cell walls
made of cellulose, other polysaccharides and protein

front 43

Plasmodesmata

back 43

channels that perforate plant cell walls
water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

front 44

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

back 44

animal cells are covered by ECM
Functions:
-support
-adhesion
-movement
-regulation

front 45

Intercellular Junctions

back 45

neighboring cells adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact
types:
-plasmodesmata
-tight junctions
-desmosomes
-gap junctions

front 46

Tight Junctions

back 46

membranes neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

front 47

Desmosomes(anchoring junctions)

back 47

fasten cells together into strong sheets

front 48

Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

back 48

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
-similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells