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Campbel Biology Test Chapters 22,23,24, and 26

front 1

Is supported by and makes sense of any osbservation

back 1

Theory

front 2

Homologous to ancestors, or common ancestors

back 2

Vestigial

front 3

Unique to a geographic area

back 3

Endemic species

front 4

Is a graded change in a trait along geographic areas

back 4

Cline

front 5

consists of the movement of alleles among populations
Alleles can be transferred through the movement of fertile individuals or gametes (for example, pollen)

back 5

Gene Flow

front 6

describes how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next
tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles

back 6

Genetic Drift

front 7

Sudden reduction in a population do to the environment changing

back 7

Bottle neck effect

front 8

Few individuals from a larger population become isolated from that larger group and start there own population

back 8

Founder Effect

front 9

Form of natural selection in which individuals with a certain inherit gene mate with another of the same have have successful mating

back 9

Sexual Selection

front 10

Makes the difference between the sexes, in the secondary sexual characterstics

back 10

Sexual Dorphism

front 11

Better chance at survival, and is most closely related to stabilizing selection

back 11

Heterozygous advantage

front 12

The regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances

back 12

Catastrophism

front 13

Studied Fossil record with catastrophism

back 13

Cuvier

front 14

What did Darwin Study?

back 14

A mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence

front 15

Why have giraffes developed longer necks over time?

back 15

Because trees got taller, and evolution to adapt with the environment

front 16

What is natural selection based on?

back 16

Genetic variation exists within the population, best adopted longer lives is more offspring,(Individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reporduce)

front 17

Why is MRSA an example of artificial selection?

back 17

Because humans synthesis methacilin and create environment in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicilin

front 18

How would can you explain the fact that human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones and have developed from very similar embryonic tissues?

back 18

Common ancestors and homologos selection

front 19

Why is acceptable to say all life on earth comes from a common origin?

back 19

All organisms are essentially the same genetic code

front 20

Why are old fossils found vs newer fossils?

back 20

Deeper in the rock

front 21

What are the three mechanisms that cause allele/gene frequency change?

back 21

Natural Selection, Genetic drift, and gene flow

front 22

What in an Organisms genes is most likely to help the organism respond properly to changes in its environment?

back 22

Natural Selection

front 23

is 52% of loci are heterozygous on average how many are homozygous?

back 23

48%

front 24

Why can't natural selection fashion perfect organisms?

back 24

1.Selection can only act on existing variations
2.Evolution is limited by historical constraints
3. Adaptions are often compromises
4. Chance, Natural selection, and the environment interact

front 25

Briefly explain what Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium means and what type of population it describes.

back 25

1.There are no Mutations
2.The mating is random
3.No natural selection
4. Large population
5. No gene flow
It Describes a Hypothetical Population that is not evolving

front 26

List and Describe the various mechanisms help to preserve genetic variation in a population.

back 26

Heterozygous advantage-Maintains two alleles between individuals
Diploids-holds chromosones
Natural Selection- genes that help mating good offspring

front 27

List and describe the 3 modes of selection

back 27

1. Directional selection- favors individuals at one end of the phenotype range
2. Disruptive selection- favors both individuals at the extreme ends of the phenotype
3. Stabilizing selection- favors intermediate phenotypes and acts against the extremes

front 28

Favors Indivudals at one end of the phenotpye range

back 28

Directional Selection

front 29

favors both individuals at the extreme ends of the phentype

back 29

Disruptive selection

front 30

favors the intermediate phenotypes and acts against the extreme phenotypes

back 30

Stabilizing selection

front 31

Evolutions above the species level

back 31

Macroevolution

front 32

Region in which members of different species reproduce hybrid offspring

back 32

Hybrid zone

front 33

group of a population, that from 1 split into 2

back 33

Speciation

front 34

List and describe the species concepts

back 34

States a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and reproduce fertile offspring

front 35

Punctuated equilibrium model

back 35

describes the periods of apparent stasis punctuated by a sudden change

front 36

what are the Prezygotic Barriers?

back 36

habitat isolation
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation

front 37

Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers

back 37

habitat isolation

front 38

Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

back 38

Temporal isolation

front 39

Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers

back 39

behavioral isolation

front 40

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

back 40

Mechanical isolation

front 41

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

back 41

Gametic isolation

front 42

What is the possible outcome when closely related species meet in the hybrid zone?

back 42

They reinforce the hybrids and diffuse into a single population

front 43

Analogous structures that evolve independently

back 43

Homoplasy

front 44

Much evolutionary change in genes and has no effect on fitness and is not influence by selection

back 44

neutral theory

front 45

What are the taxonomical levels

back 45

domain, kingdom. phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

front 46

What would the best classification system be based on?

back 46

Evolutionary History

front 47

what did the use of computers and software enable scientist to better study in the field of phylogeny?

back 47

The research of trees that are parsimonious and likely

front 48

In a cladistic approach to systematic, what is the most important for classification?

back 48

Shared derived characteristics

front 49

Why would species that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities still be placed together on the same phylogentic tree?

back 49

Homologous genes that are highly conserved

front 50

What would allow a gene to act as a molecular clock? which would not allow a gene to act as a molecular clock?

back 50

When its not acted upon and when it is mutated

front 51

Come from a common ancestor

back 51

Homology

front 52

Homoplasy, analogous structures

back 52

Homoplasies

front 53

Similarities and convergent evolution

back 53

analogous

front 54

decent with modification

back 54

evolution

front 55

modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

back 55

artificial selection

front 56

Consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population

back 56

gene pool

front 57

Differential success in reproduction results in certain alleles being passed to the next generation in greater proportions
For example, an allele that confers resistance to DDT increased in frequency after DDT was used widely in agriculture

back 57

Natural Selection

front 58

is the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals

back 58

Relative fitness

front 59

the fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population

back 59

Frequency-dependent selection