front 1 The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________. | back 1 Digestion |
front 2 Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation? | back 2 The muscularis externa contains muscle layers responsible for the processes of peristalsis and segmentation. |
front 3 In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme _________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of _________. | back 3 amylase;starch |
front 4 Which oral structure(s) is (are) responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase? | back 4 Tongue |
front 5 Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting? | back 5 Incisor |
front 6 Which regions of the pharynx serve as passageways for food on its way to the esophagus? | back 6 oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
front 7 The lowest portion of the stomach, which forms the sharp curve of the J shape of the stomach, is the __________. | back 7 pylorus |
front 8 Which of the following phases of gastric activity is caused by the sight, taste, or thought of food? | back 8 cephalic phase |
front 9 What is the term for swallowing? | back 9 deglutition |
front 10 A series of transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________. | back 10 plicae circulares |
front 11 Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?
| back 11 Rennin |
front 12 Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?
| back 12 Cecum |
front 13 What is the function of bile? | back 13 To emulsify lipids. |
front 14 The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that digest __________. | back 14 carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
front 15 A small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is dominated by lymphoid nodules is the __________. | back 15 appendix |
front 16 The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________. | back 16 defecation reflex |
front 17 Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the digestive system?
| back 17 Answer: stronger peristaltic contractions, resulting in diarrhea because
|
front 18 Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine?
| back 18 All of the listed substances are absorbed by the large intestine. |
front 19 Which of the following does NOT digest a carbohydrate?
| back 19 pancreatic lipase |
front 20 Which of the following does NOT digest a protein?
| back 20 nuclease |
front 21 Put the following structures involved in bile transport in the proper order, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the small intestine, by matching them (1) through (6):
| back 21 Bile canaliculi
|
front 22 Match the following cells and glands with their correct products:
| back 22 Parietal Cell- HCl
|
front 23 Match the following substrates and products with the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction:
| back 23 1. Pepsin
|
front 24 This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes. | back 24 Gastrin |
front 25 Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas. | back 25 Gastric inhibitory peptide |
front 26 This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. | back 26 CCK (Cholecystokinin) |
front 27 This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production. | back 27 Enterocrinin |
front 28 Match the organ of the digestive system with its function:
| back 28 1. Teeth
|
front 29 Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract?
| back 29 All of the listed responses are correct. |
front 30 From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is _________. | back 30 serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa |
front 31 The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the _________. | back 31 myenteric plexus |
front 32 Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called _________. | back 32 peristalsis |
front 33 The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the _________. | back 33 greater omentum |
front 34 Which layer of the digestive tract contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner? | back 34 submucosa |
front 35 The lingual frenulum _________.
| back 35 All of the listed responses are correct. |
front 36 Incisors are used for _________. | back 36 clipping or cutting |
front 37 Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the teeth?
| back 37 Dentin, the material that makes up the enamel of the teeth, is a type of spongy bone, thus giving the tooth its hardness. |
front 38 Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? | back 38 parotid glands |
front 39 Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and is used for tearing and slashing? | back 39 cuspids or canines |
front 40 The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded _________. | back 40 to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus |
front 41 What occurs during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition? | back 41 The larynx elevates, and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx. |
front 42 Which of the following is a function of the stomach?
| back 42 both mechanical breakdown of food and production of intrinsic factor |
front 43 Chief cells secrete _________. | back 43 pepsinogen |
front 44 When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called _________. | back 44 rugae |
front 45 When you walk into a Mexican restaurant and smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered? | back 45 cephalic phase |
front 46 Peyer patches are _________. | back 46 lymphoid nodules located in the ileum |
front 47 The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the __________. | back 47 plicae circulares |
front 48 The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus. | back 48 Brunner glands |
front 49 The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility __________. | back 49 along the entire length of the small intestine |
front 50 Sympathetic stimulation __________.
| back 50 inhibits submucosal glands |
front 51 Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce __________. | back 51 a condition called cholelithiasis |
front 52 Pancreatic juice is __________. | back 52 alkaline |
front 53 Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
| back 53 immunologic regulation |
front 54 Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the __________. | back 54 both the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein |
front 55 Bile acts as __________.
| back 55 an emulsifier |
front 56 Which of the following products of digestion is NOT taken up by capillaries in the small intestine?
| back 56 chylomicrons |
front 57 Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme?
| back 57 pepsinogen |
front 58 Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver?
| back 58 Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile. |
front 59 Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine? | back 59 ileum |
front 60 Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss? | back 60 jejunum |
front 61 The defecation reflex __________. | back 61 involves long and short reflexes and involves two positive feedback loops |
front 62 The large intestine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria?
| back 62 All of the listed responses are correct. |
front 63 Of the 1500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed? | back 63 1300 mL |
front 64 Which of the following occurs during the defecation reflex? | back 64 Parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements. |
front 65 Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by __________. | back 65 diffusion |
front 66 Which of the following is NOT a brush border enzyme?
| back 66 amylase |
front 67 Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid–bile salt complexes called __________. | back 67 micelles |
front 68 Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning aging and the digestive system?
| back 68 Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the body's inability to effectively rid itself of water. |
front 69 True/False. The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems. | back 69 True. As air is inhaled it passes through the pharynx into the trachea, and as food is swallowed it passes through the pharynx into the esophagus. |
front 70 True/False. Cuspids are cutting or clipping teeth. | back 70 False. Cuspids are tearing or slashing teeth. |
front 71 True/False. A drop in the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach triggers the release of CCK. | back 71 False. CCK is a hormone released when chyme is full of fatty acids and triglycerides. |
front 72 True/False. The haustra are formed by contraction of the taenia coli. | back 72 True. Expansion and elongation of the colon is accomplished by haustra; how do the haustra expand and elongate? |
front 73 True/False. The region of the tooth between the crown and the root is called the gingival space. | back 73 False. The neck of the tooth is found between the crown and the root. |
front 74 The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a series of wavelike contractions called peristalsis, while in most areas of the small intestine _____ movements churn and fragment digestive materials. | back 74 segmentation |
front 75 Pancreatic juice is secreted by units known as pancreatic __________. | back 75 acini |
front 76 __________ are proteolytic enzymes that break small peptide chains into amino acids. | back 76 Peptidases |
front 77 The transverse folds that make up the intestinal lining and provide more surface area for absorption are called __________. | back 77 plicae circulares |
front 78 The glycoprotein __________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach. | back 78 intrinsic factor |
front 79 Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus? | back 79 pharynx |
front 80 The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is _________. | back 80 ingestion |
front 81 Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes _________. | back 81 muscular inhibition and relaxation |
front 82 Which of the following statements about peritonitis is FALSE?
| back 82 It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa. |
front 83 Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner? | back 83 submucosa |
front 84 Strong contractions from the transverse colon to the rest of the large intestine that move the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called _________. | back 84 mass movements |
front 85 Which of the following salivary glands produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme? | back 85 both parotid glands and submandibular salivary glands |
front 86 Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
| back 86 initial digestion of proteins |
front 87 The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include the _________. | back 87 parotid, sublingual, and submandibular |
front 88 Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the _________. | back 88 bicuspids |
front 89 The three phases of deglutition are _________. | back 89 buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal |
front 90 On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the _________.
| back 90 oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
front 91 The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the _________. | back 91 pharyngeal constrictor muscles |
front 92 Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the _________. | back 92 esophagus |
front 93 The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that _________. | back 93 prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus |
front 94 Gastric secretion is inhibited by _________. | back 94 secretin |
front 95 Which of the following is secreted by the stomach? | back 95 gastrin |
front 96 Which division of the small intestine contains the Brunner glands? | back 96 duodenum |
front 97 Which of the following enzymes is NOT found in pancreatic juice?
| back 97 pepsin |
front 98 Bile entering the gallbladder must pass through the _________. | back 98 cystic duct |
front 99 Which hormone promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes? | back 99 cholecystokinin |
front 100 The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the _________. | back 100 taenia coli |
front 101 The vermiform appendix is dominated by what type of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa? | back 101 lymphoid nodules |
front 102 Which vitamins are liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine? | back 102 biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K |
front 103 Which of the following organic nutrients are NOT absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi?
| back 103 lipids |
front 104 The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are _________. | back 104 water, electrolytes, and vitamins |
front 105 The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by _________. | back 105 the brush border of the small intestine |
front 106 Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
| back 106 breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides |
front 107 The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by _________. | back 107 facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms |
front 108 When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the _________. | back 108 higher concentration of solutes (lesser concentration of water) |
front 109 An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the _________. | back 109 larynx |
front 110 Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of _________. | back 110 pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets |
front 111 Why can a completely dry food bolus NOT be swallowed? | back 111 Friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective. |
front 112 Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach? | back 112 both fundus and body |
front 113 Which two factors play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine? | back 113 stomach distension and gastrin release |
front 114 The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that _________. | back 114 increase the total surface area for absorption |
front 115 The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones? | back 115 cholecystokinin and secretin |
front 116 Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the _________. | back 116 small intestine |
front 117 The primary functions of intestinal juice include which of the following?
| back 117 All of the listed responses are correct. |
front 118 Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?: | back 118 gastroenteric reflex |
front 119 The primary effect of secretin is to cause _________. | back 119 an increase in secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas |
front 120 Which peptide hormone causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets? | back 120 GIP |
front 121 How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum? | back 121 The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior. |
front 122 The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the _________. | back 122 ileocecal valve |
front 123 Which produces the LEAST number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis? | back 123 large intestine |
front 124 What is the average composition of the fecal waste material? | back 124 75 percent water; 5 percent bacteria; 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains |
front 125 The hormone gastrin _________. | back 125 increases the activity of parietal and chief cells |
front 126 The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are _________. | back 126 stretch receptors in rectal walls, and the sacral parasympathetic system |
front 127 The "doorway to the liver" (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the _________. | back 127 bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery |
front 128 Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a _________. | back 128 chylomicron |