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Chapter 13, Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

front 1 Capsid	back 1 Protein coat
front 2 Envelope	back 2 Cover capsids and composed of combo of lipids, proteins, and carbs
front 3 Glycoprotein spikes	back 3 Covers envelope and can be used to adhere to RBCs
front 4 Lytic cycle	back 4 One of two methods of viral reproduction. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane

front 5 Lysogenic cycle	back 5 One of two methods of viral reproduction. Lysogenic cycle is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formation of a circular replicon in the bacterium's cytoplasm
front 6 Bacteriophage	back 6 Virus that infects bacteria
front 7 Oncogene	back 7 A gene that has the potential to cause cancer
front 8 Latent viral infections	back 8 Virus remains latent in nerve cells of host for long periods without causing disease

front 9 Persistent viral infections	back 9 A disease process that occurs gradually over a long period
front 10 Retrovirus	back 10 Retroviridae is a family of enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription
front 11 Prions	back 11 A microscopic protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid
front 12 Cytopathic effects	back 12 Cell infection by a virus causes observable death or damage which can be used for counting or detecting viruses

front 13 Proto-oncogenes	back 13 A normal gene that can undergo mutation to become an oncogene, a gene that has the ability to induce cancer
front 14 Positive sense	back 14 A positive (+) strand of RNA is one that can act directly as messenger RNA
front 15 Negative sense	back 15 Serve as template for positive strands
front 16 Teratogenic agent	back 16 Drug, virus, or irradiation that can cause malformation of the fetus

front 17 Helical viruses	back 17 Resemble long rods, their capsids a hollow cylinder with a helical structure
front 18 Polyhedral viruses	back 18 Usually have a capsid in the shape of an icosahedron(20 regular shape triangular faces)
front 19 Enveloped viruses	back 19 Envelope covering their capsid. Vary in shape
front 20 Complex viruses	back 20 Ex-Poxviruses. Don't contain identifiable capsids. May have several coats around nucleic acid or have polyhedral head and helical tail

front 21 3 Methods for identifying viruses	back 21 Nucleic acid, morphology, presence/abscence of envelope
front 22 Viral identification	back 22 The most common method is serological. Virus is detected by its reaction to antibodies
front 23 Two different ways to cultivate viruses	back 23 Living animals and cell cultures
front 24 Adenoviridae	back 24 Mastadenovirus, cause common colds, some cause tumors in animals

front 25 Parvoviridae	back 25 Human parvovirus B19, fifth disease
front 26 Poxviridae	back 26 Orthopoxvirus, smallpox, and cowpox
front 27 Herpesviridae	back 27 HHV1 & HHV2, chickenpox and shingles
front 28 Hepadnaviridae	back 28 Hepadnavirus, Hepatitis B, uses reverse transcriptase to produce its DNA from mRNA

front 29 Picornaviridae	back 29 Polio, Rhinovirus, more than 100 rhinoviruses exist and are most common cause of colds
front 30 Togaviridae	back 30 Rubivirus, rubella, transmitted by respiratory route
front 31 Filoviridae	back 31 Filovirus, Ebola and Marburg are filoviruses
front 32 Paramyxoviridae	back 32 Paramyxovirus, causes mumps

front 33 Bunyaviridae	back 33 Hantavirus, associated with rodents
front 34 Retroviridae	back 34 Lentivirus, HIV is lentivirus that causes AIDS
front 35 Live vaccines	back 35 Live, attenuated vaccines contain a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can’t cause disease. Because a live, attenuated vaccine is the closest thing to a natural infection, these vaccines are good “teachers” of the immune system: They elicit strong cellular and antibody responses and often confer lifelong immunity with only one or two doses.
front 36 INACTIVATED VACCINES	back 36 Scientists produce inactivated vaccines by killing the disease-causing microbe with chemicals, heat, or radiation. Such vaccines are more stable and safer than live vaccines: The dead microbes can’t mutate back to their disease-causing state. Inactivated vaccines usually don’t require refrigeration, and they can be easily stored and transported in a freeze-dried form, which makes them accessible to people in developing countries. Most inactivated vaccines, however, stimulate a weaker immune system response than do live vaccines. So it would likely take several additional doses, or booster shots, to maintain a person’s immunity. This could be a drawback in areas where people don’t have regular access to health care and can’t get booster shots on time.

front 37 Naturally acquired active immunity	back 37 occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, and develops a primary immune response, which leads to immunological memory. This type of immunity is “natural” because it is not induced by deliberate exposure.
front 38 Naturally acquired passive immunity	back 38 antibody-mediated immunity conveyed to a fetus by its mother during pregnancy
front 39 Artificially acquired active immunity	back 39 can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains antigen. A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease.
front 40 Artificially acquired passive immunity	back 40 A passive immunity that renders short-term immunization by the transfer of antibodies administered by artificial means, such as human or animal blood plasma or pooled human immunoglobulin administered through intravenous or intramuscular route

front 41 Monoclonal antibodies	back 41 an antibody, produced by a single clone of cells grown in culture, that is both pure and specific and is capable of proliferating indefinitely to produce unlimited quantities of identical antibodies: used in diagnosis, therapy, and biotechnology
front 42 Humoral immunity	back 42 The component of the immune system involving antibodies that are secreted by B cells and circulate as soluble proteins in blood plasma and lymph.
front 43 Antibody	back 43 a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.
front 44 Antigen	back 44 a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

front 45 B cells	back 45 a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.
front 46 T cells	back 46 a specialized lymphocyte that doesn't secrete antibodies, but has antigen receptors attached to their surface. Involved in cell-mediated immune system.
front 47 Cell-mediated immune system	back 47 The immune response produced when sensitized T cells attack foreign antigens and secrete lymphokines that initiate the body's humoral immune response.
front 48 Immunoglobulin	back 48 any of a class of proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system, that function as antibodies.

front 49 Macrophage	back 49 a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection.
front 50 Vaccine	back 50 a substance that is usually injected into a person or animal to protect against a particular disease
front 51 Vaccination	back 51 is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
front 52 Agglutination reaction	back 52 The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody. The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them, creating a large complex

front 53 Neutralization reaction	back 53 The reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt and water. Usually, the reaction of hydrogen ions with hydrogen ions to form water molecules.
front 54 Complement fixation reaction	back 54 an immunological medical test that can be used to detect the presence of either specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient's serum.
front 55 Fluorescent antibody technique	back 55 A form of fluorescent antibody technique utilizing a fluorochrome conjugated to an antibody, which is added directly to a tissue or cell suspension
front 56 ELISA	back 56 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, an immunological assay technique making use of an enzyme bonded to a particular antibody or antigen.