front 1 ![]() What type of fetal testing provides results within a day or so of the test? | back 1 chorionic villus sampling |
front 2 ![]() At how many weeks of pregnancy can chorionic villus sampling (CVS) be safely performed? | back 2 10 weeks |
front 3 ![]() At what age are both amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling routinely ordered when a woman is pregnant to test for Down syndrome? | back 3 35 years old |
front 4 ![]() Using the information provided in this figure, what is the probability of producing a homozygous dominant offspring? | back 4 25% |
front 5 ![]() Using the information provided in this figure, what is the probability of producing an offspring who can roll their tongue? | back 5 75% |
front 6 ![]() Which of the following is NOT the tongue-roller genotype? | back 6 tt |
front 7 ![]() Using the information provided in this figure, what is the probability of producing an offspring who CANNOT roll his or her tongue? | back 7 25% |
front 8 ![]() Using the information provided in this figure, what is the genotype of a homozygous recessive offspring? | back 8 tt |
front 9 ![]() Using the information provided in this figure, what is the probability of producing an offspring whose phenotype is that of tongue-roller? | back 9 75% |
front 10 ![]() Continuous phenotypic variation between two extremes results from _________. | back 10 polygenic inheritance |
front 11 ![]() Three genes control skin color. How many possible combinations of skin color result from those three genes? | back 11 64 |
front 12 ![]() Which of the following exemplifies polygenic inheritance? | back 12 height |
front 13 ![]() How many chromatids are present in a tetrad? | back 13 4 |
front 14 ![]() During what phase of meiosis do the tetrads align together along the metaphase spindle? | back 14 metaphase I |
front 15 ![]() If a cell has a diploid number of 22, how many total chromosomes should it have? | back 15 22 |
front 16 ![]() When one chromatid segment has formed a chiasma with a homologous chromatid segment, what is the result? | back 16 recombinant chromosomes |
front 17 ![]() What do chiasmas promote? | back 17 genetic variability |
front 18 ![]() For a cell with a five homologous pairs, calculate how many different gamete types can result from meiosis. | back 18 32 |
front 19 ![]() During metaphase of meiosis I, the alleles determining each trait are distributed to different gametes. What is this called? | back 19 segregation |
front 20 ![]() What is the name of the condition when a person has inherited the genotype HH? | back 20 homozygous dominant |
front 21 ![]() In this figure, hair color genes and eye color genes are located on the same chromosome. Since these genes are transmitted as a unit to daughter cells during mitosis, we describe these genes as ____________. | back 21 linked |
front 22 ![]() Which statement best describes the function of the urethra? | back 22 The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. |
front 23 ![]() What region of the male urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm, extending about 2 cm from the prostate to the beginning of the penis? | back 23 intermediate part of the urethra (membranous urethra) |
front 24 ![]() What type of epithelial tissue forms the mucosa layer of the urinary bladder? | back 24 transitional epithelium |
front 25 ![]() Which pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus? | back 25 hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc) |
front 26 ![]() Which of the following is the volume of filtrate formed each minute by all of the glomeruli of the kidneys? | back 26 glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
front 27 ![]() Calculate the net filtration pressure if blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusually high, around 68 mm Hg. | back 27 23 mm Hg |
front 28 ![]() What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions in the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts? | back 28 aldosterone |
front 29 ![]() In what part of the renal tubule are aquaporins scarce or absent so that water CANNOT be reabsorbed? | back 29 ascending limb of the nephron loop |
front 30 ![]() In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions? | back 30 distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
front 31 ![]() Which of the following promotes the formation of dilute urine? | back 31 decreased osmolality of extracellular fluids |
front 32 ![]() Which statement best describes the effect diuretics have? | back 32 Diuretics increase urinary output. |
front 33 ![]() Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption? | back 33 collecting duct |
front 34 ![]() Which region of the kidney is characterized by the presence of cone-shaped pyramids? Select from letters A-D. | back 34 B |
front 35 ![]() What region subdivides to form two or three major calyces and several minor calyces? Select from letters A-D. | back 35 C |
front 36 ![]() Which letter represents the most superficial region of the kidney? Select from letters A-D. | back 36 A |
front 37 ![]() What arteries branch off the arcuate arteries? | back 37 cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries |
front 38 ![]() Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway as blood flows into the kidney but NOT present in the venous pathway exiting the kidney? | back 38 segmental |
front 39 ![]() Which vessels supply the cortical tissue of the kidney with blood? | back 39 cortical radiate arteries |
front 40 ![]() What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle? | back 40 glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
front 41 ![]() Which of the three parts of the renal tubule is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli? | back 41 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 42 ![]() In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located? | back 42 renal cortex |
front 43 ![]() Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the cortical nephrons? | back 43 The glomerulus of the cortical nephron is closer to the cortex-medulla junction. |
front 44 ![]() Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to? | back 44 vasa recta |
front 45 ![]() Which capillary bed produces filtrate? | back 45 glomerulus |
front 46 ![]() What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)? | back 46 The macula densa cells monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule. |
front 47 ![]() Where is filtrate produced in the nephron? | back 47 glomerulus |
front 48 ![]() What vessel directly feeds into the glomerulus? | back 48 afferent arteriole |
front 49 ![]() This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 --> | back 49 H2CO3 + NaCl |
front 50 ![]() Which chemical buffer system is the only important system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that resists short-term changes in pH? | back 50 bicarbonate buffer system |
front 51 ![]() In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer? | back 51 weak base |
front 52 ![]() Which of the following regulates the secretion of K+ into the filtrate? | back 52 aldosterone |
front 53 ![]() What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release? | back 53 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism |
front 54 ![]() What results from increased levels of aldosterone? | back 54 increased Na+ reabsorption |
front 55 ![]() In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake? | back 55 2500 ml |
front 56 ![]() What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day? | back 56 urine |
front 57 ![]() How much water is generated per day from cellular metabolism? | back 57 250 ml |
front 58 ![]() Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism? | back 58 increase in blood pressure |
front 59 ![]() What receptors does the brain use to detect changes in osmolality? | back 59 osmoreceptors |
front 60 ![]() What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high? | back 60 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
front 61 ![]() What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments? | back 61 hypotonic hydration |
front 62 ![]() Which of the following conditions promotes edema? | back 62 hypoproteinemia |
front 63 ![]() What is the hallmark of hypotonic hydration? | back 63 hyponatremia |
front 64 ![]() Where is the majority of water stored in the human body? | back 64 intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment |
front 65 ![]() Select the person in the following list who would have the highest percentage of water in his or her body. | back 65 a 6-month-old baby boy |
front 66 ![]() During pregnancy, which hormone is responsible for stimulating maturation of the breast for lactation? | back 66 human placental lactogen (hPL) |
front 67 ![]() What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor? | back 67 Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract. |
front 68 ![]() Which of the following serves as the trigger to begin the vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor? | back 68 prostaglandins |
front 69 ![]() What is released from fetal lungs in the weeks before delivery to soften the cervix in preparation for labor? | back 69 surfactant protein A (SP-A) |
front 70 ![]() How long does the expulsion stage typically last in a first birth? | back 70 50 minutes |
front 71 ![]() During what stage is the afterbirth delivered? | back 71 placental stage |
front 72 ![]() The softening and thinning of the cervix during the dilation stage is known as ___________. | back 72 effacement |
front 73 ![]() What does the hormone relaxin promote? | back 73 Relaxin promotes the relaxation, widening, and increased flexibility of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis. |
front 74 ![]() Due to the increased bulkiness of the anterior abdomen and the change in a pregnant woman's center of gravity, what type of spinal curvature do many pregnant women develop? | back 74 lordosis |
front 75 ![]() Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs? | back 75 foramen ovale |
front 76 ![]() Which fetal vascular shunt bypasses the pulmonary circuit by connecting the pulmonary trunk to the aorta? | back 76 ductus arteriosus |
front 77 ![]() The dermatome is one of the three somites of the mesoderm. What does the dermatome form? | back 77 dermis of the skin in the dorsal part of the body |
front 78 ![]() From what germ layer is the serosae of the coelom derived? | back 78 mesoderm |
front 79 ![]() From what germ layer are the somites derived? | back 79 mesoderm |
front 80 ![]() Which of the following arises from the endoderm? | back 80 mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract |
front 81 ![]() Which of the following is derived from the somites of the mesoderm? | back 81 vertebrae and ribs |
front 82 ![]() Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system? | back 82 ectoderm |
front 83 ![]() Which of the following takes oxygenated blood to the liver from the placenta? | back 83 umbilical vein |
front 84 ![]() Which extra-embryonic membrane protects the developing embryo against physical trauma and helps maintain a constant homeostatic temperature? | back 84 amnion |
front 85 ![]() Which of the following implants in the mucosa of the endometrium? | back 85 blastocyst |
front 86 ![]() What is the 16-cell stage known as? | back 86 morula |
front 87 ![]() How much time passes after fertilization until implantation occurs? | back 87 7 days |
front 88 ![]() Which of the following is the multicellular cytoplasmic mass formed from the trophoblast as it implants into the endometrium? | back 88 syncytiotrophoblast |
front 89 ![]() What releases human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)? | back 89 trophoblast |
front 90 ![]() What membrane does the trophoblast form after implantation? | back 90 chorion |
front 91 ![]() Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form? | back 91 placenta |
front 92 ![]() What is the function of the placenta? | back 92 The placenta functions as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine organ for the developing embryo. |
front 93 ![]() Once sperm are deposited into the vagina, sperm motility must be enhanced and they must be prepared to release hydrolytic enzymes from their acrosomes. What is this process called? | back 93 capacitation |
front 94 ![]() What does the cortical reaction prevent? | back 94 polyspermy |
front 95 ![]() What is the event that results when the maternal and paternal chromosomes combine? | back 95 fertilization |
front 96 ![]() Which of the following cells is released during ovulation? | back 96 secondary oocyte |
front 97 ![]() Why CAN'T polar bodies be fertilized? | back 97 Polar bodies lack nutrient-containing cytoplasm. |
front 98 ![]() How many functional gametes are produced by oogenesis? | back 98 one functional gamete |
front 99 ![]() What event occurs during the proliferative phase? | back 99 ovulation |
front 100 ![]() During what phase of the female's uterine (menstrual) cycle is the uterine lining shed? | back 100 menstrual phase |
front 101 ![]() What hormone promotes ovulation? | back 101 luteinizing hormone (LH) |
front 102 ![]() What part of the female duct system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte? | back 102 uterine (fallopian) tube (oviduct) |
front 103 ![]() Which layer of the uterine wall is made of smooth muscle? | back 103 myometrium |
front 104 ![]() Which specific layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation, approximately every 28 days? | back 104 stratum functionalis of the endometrium |
front 105 ![]() Specifically, what encloses the vestibule which houses the openings of the urethra and vagina? | back 105 labia minora |
front 106 ![]() Which structure of the female's external genitalia has erectile tissue like the penis? | back 106 clitoris |
front 107 ![]() What are the two fatty, hair-covered skin folds that run posteriorly from the mons pubis? | back 107 labia majora |
front 108 ![]() What part of the breast produces milk? | back 108 alveoli |
front 109 ![]() The mammary glands belong to which of the following systems? | back 109 integumentary system |
front 110 ![]() What is the pigmented ring of skin situated slightly below the center of each breast? | back 110 areola |
front 111 ![]() Which of the following inhibits the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary and GnRH from the hypothalamus when the sperm count is high? | back 111 inhibin |
front 112 ![]() Which of the following keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells high to stimulate spermatogenesis? | back 112 androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
front 113 ![]() Which hormone promotes the formation of secondary sex characteristics such as the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair, enhanced hair growth on the chest, and a deepening voice? | back 113 testosterone |
front 114 ![]() Why does meiosis involve two nuclear divisions rather than one, as in mitosis? | back 114 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half. |
front 115 ![]() At what point during meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up? | back 115 prophase I |
front 116 ![]() During meiosis, what does crossover promote? | back 116 Crossover promotes increased genetic variability among gametes. |
front 117 ![]() Which of the following results from spermiogenesis? | back 117 sperm |
front 118 ![]() Which of the following is the haploid cell produced as a result of meiosis I? | back 118 secondary spermatocyte |
front 119 ![]() Which of the following cells is returned to the basal lamina to continue the pool of dividing germ cells? | back 119 type A daughter cell or spermatogonium |
front 120 ![]() Which of the following is the site where sperm are stored until they are ejaculated? | back 120 tail of the epididymis |
front 121 ![]() Which cells produce androgens such as testosterone? | back 121 interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells |
front 122 ![]() Which of the following is housed within the spermatic cord? | back 122 testicular arteries and veins |
front 123 ![]() Which portion of the penis is removed through a procedure known as circumcision? | back 123 prepuce (foreskin) |
front 124 ![]() Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm and urine? | back 124 urethra |
front 125 ![]() During vasectomy, what accessory duct is cut as a form of birth control? | back 125 ductus (vas) deferens |