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  1. Print the notecards
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  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

210 notecards = 53 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

A & P

front 1

Shape

back 1

Terms such as "long, flat, short, and irregular" are used to classify bones

front 2

Long Bone

back 2

Elongated shape

front 3

MIneral Storage

back 3

Metabolic function in the skeletal system

front 4

Fossae

back 4

Depressions on bones

front 5

Trochanter

back 5

projection on a bone that is a site of muscle or ligament attachment

front 6

Osteoclasp

back 6

not a type of bone

front 7

Osteon

back 7

group of concentric rings of bone matrix compromising the functional unit of long bones

front 8

canaliculi

back 8

Ajacent osteocytes communicate via gap junctions found within these.

front 9

no data

back 9

Principle component of bone that contributes to hardness

front 10

Flat bones

back 10

created via intramembraneous ossification

front 11

Osteoblasts

back 11

responsible for initiating ossification of bone

front 12

Bone not grown in length

back 12

long bone growth whose cartilage stopped dividing in epiplyscal disc (plate) stops working

front 13

Decrease

back 13

In a patient whose parathyroid glands have been removed , you would expect that persons blood calcium level to____________.

front 14

Calcium homeostatic importance

back 14

numerous metabolic activities, strengthen bone, muscle contraction, blood coagulation

front 15

Femur

back 15

Which bone is capable of carrying the greatest weight

front 16

Fibula

back 16

Not a weight bearing bone

front 17

22

back 17

Total bones in skull

front 18

8

back 18

cranial bones in skull
**frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

front 19

14

back 19

facial bones in skull

front 20

frontal

back 20

skull bone connected to rest of cranium posteriorly

front 21

Bones contains 4 major areas

back 21

squamous, tympan, mastoid, temporal

front 22

zygomatic bone

back 22

scientific name for cheekbone

front 23

hyoid

back 23

bone that doesn't articulate with any other bone in the skeleton

front 24

26

back 24

number of individual bones in adult vertebral column

front 25

Primary functions of vertebral column

back 25

-protection of spinal column/cord & transmission of weight

front 26

Intervertebral foramina function

back 26

exit of spinal cords

front 27

transverseforama

back 27

makes cervical vertebrae uniquely identifiable

front 28

occipital condyles

back 28

moves while nodding yes while the dens stabilizes movement while shaking head no

front 29

major functions of thoracic cage

back 29

1. protects lungs
2. helps expand thoracic cavity during breathing

front 30

sternum

back 30

bone not part of appendicular skeleton

front 31

flexibility, stability

back 31

the arrangement of bones and muscles of the pectoral girdle is such that there is a high degree of __________, and a low level of __________.

front 32

surgical neck

back 32

the most frequently fractured portion of the humerus

front 33

medial epicondyle

back 33

funny bone

front 34

radius, ulna

back 34

the _______rotates about the_______ when you pronate your forearm

front 35

phalanx

back 35

the bone that would bear a ring

front 36

3

back 36

a hip bone is made of how many separate bones?

front 37

humerus

back 37

arm bone

front 38

clavicle, scapula

back 38

bones of the shoulder girdle

front 39

radius, ulna

back 39

forearm bones

front 40

acromion

back 40

scapular region that connects to clavicle

front 41

scapula

back 41

shoulder girdle bone that does not attache to the axial skeleton

front 42

clavicle

back 42

shoulder girdle bone that articulates (joins) with and transmits forces to the bony thorax

front 43

glenoid cavity

back 43

depression in the scapula that articulates (joins) with the humerus

front 44

coracoid process

back 44

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

front 45

clavicle

back 45

the collarbone

front 46

trochlea

back 46

distal condyle of the humorous that articulates with the ulna

front 47

ulna

back 47

medical bone of the forearm

front 48

capitulum

back 48

rounded knob on the humerus, adjoins the radius

front 49

coronoid fossa

back 49

anterior depression, superior to the trohclea, which receives part of the ulna when forearm is flexed

front 50

ulna

back 50

forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow joint

front 51

carpals

back 51

wrist bones

front 52

phalanges

back 52

finger bones

front 53

metacarpals

back 53

heads of these bones form the knuckles

front 54

scapula, sternum

back 54

bones that articulate (join) with the clavicle

front 55

14

back 55

total number of phalanges in the hand

front 56

8

back 56

total number of carpals of the wrist

front 57

carpals in proximal row

back 57

pisiform, triquetral, lunate, scaphoid

front 58

carpals in distal row

back 58

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

front 59

pubis, ilium, and ischium

back 59

fuse to form coxal bone

front 60

ischium

back 60

"sit down" bone of the coxal bone

front 61

pubic symphysis

back 61

point where the coxal bones join anteriorly (front)

front 62

iliac crest

back 62

superiormost (toward head) margin of the coxal bone

front 63

acetabulum

back 63

deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone

front 64

sacroiliac joint

back 64

joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle

front 65

femur

back 65

longest, strongest bone in the body

front 66

fibula

back 66

thin lateral leg bone

front 67

tibia

back 67

heavy medial leg bone

front 68

femur, tibia

back 68

bones forming knee joint

front 69

tibial tuberosity

back 69

point where patellar ligament attaches

front 70

patella

back 70

knee cap

front 71

tibia

back 71

shinbone

front 72

medial malleolus

back 72

medial ankle projection

front 73

lateral malleolus

back 73

lateral ankle projection

front 74

calcaneous

back 74

largest tarsal bone

front 75

tarsals

back 75

ankle bones

front 76

metatarsals

back 76

bones forming the instep of the foot

front 77

abturator foramen

back 77

opening in hipbone formed by the pubic and ischial rami

front 78

gluteal tuberosity, greater and lesser trochanters

back 78

sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur

front 79

talus

back 79

tarsal bone that "sits" on the calcaneous

front 80

tibia

back 80

weight bearing bone of the leg

front 81

talus

back 81

tarsal bone that articulates(joins) with the tibia

front 82

cartilaginous

back 82

typically allows a slight degree of movement

front 83

cartilaginous

back 83

includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis

front 84

fibrous

back 84

essentially immovable joints

front 85

fibrous

back 85

sutures are the most remembered examples

front 86

cartilaginous

back 86

characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions

front 87

synovial

back 87

all characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity

front 88

synovial

back 88

all are freely movable or diarthrotic

front 89

fibrous

back 89

bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue

front 90

synovial

back 90

include the hip, knee, and elbow joints

front 91

ligament

back 91

dense fibrous connective tissue; attaches bones together--reinforces joints

front 92

tendon

back 92

dense fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone; reinforces the joint capsules it spans a joint

front 93

articular cartilage

back 93

hyaline cartilage, reduces friction where bones articulate

front 94

synovial membrane

back 94

loose connective tissue, produces synovial fluid which decreases friction within the joint capsule

front 95

bursa

back 95

fluid- filled synovial sac which cushions the tendon where it crosses the bone

front 96

pivot

back 96

joint between the axis and atlas

front 97

ball and socket

back 97

hip joint

front 98

plane

back 98

intervertebral joints (between articular processes)

front 99

condylar

back 99

joint between forearm bones and wrist

front 100

hinge

back 100

elbow

front 101

hinge

back 101

interphalangeal joints

front 102

plane

back 102

intercarpal joints

front 103

hinge

back 103

joint between talus and tibia/fibula

front 104

condylar

back 104

joint between skull and vertebral column

front 105

hinge

back 105

joint between jaw and skull

front 106

condylar

back 106

joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones

front 107

ball and socket

back 107

a multiaxial joint

front 108

condylar, saddle

back 108

biaxial joints

front 109

hinge, pivot

back 109

uniaxial joints

front 110

one plane

back 110

uniaxial joints

front 111

two planes

back 111

biaxial joints

front 112

three or more

back 112

multiaxial joints

front 113

characteristics of joints

back 113

all consist of bony regions held together by fibrous or cartilaginous connective tissue, or by a joint capsule

front 114

cervical curvature

back 114

7 vertebrae ( C1-C7)

front 115

Thoracic curvature

back 115

12 vertebrae (T1- T12)
-spinous process (T1)
-transverse processes (T4)
-intervertebral discs (in between 9 & 10)
-intervertebral foramen (hole in between

front 116

Lumbar curvature

back 116

5 vertebrae (L1 - L5)

front 117

Sacral curvature

back 117

5 fused vertebrae sacrum

front 118

coccyx

back 118

4 fused vertebrae

front 119

206

back 119

bones in adult skeleton

front 120

axial skeleton

back 120

long axis of body: skull, vertebral column, rib cage

front 121

Appendicular skeleton

back 121

extremities, bones of upper and lower limbs, girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

front 122

rickets

back 122

a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in children

front 123

long bones

back 123

**used as levers**
-longer than they are wide
-limb, wrist, ankle bones

front 124

short bones

back 124

**in areas that require a wide range of motion**
-cube shaped bones (in wrist & ankle)
-sesamoid bones (within tendons --ex--patella)
-vary in size and number in different individuals

front 125

Flat bones

back 125

**used for protection to vital organs**
-thin, flat, slightly curved
-sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

front 126

Irregular bones

back 126

**left over that don't fit into other categories**
-complicated shapes
-vertebrae, coxal bones, facial bones

front 127

7 functions of bones

back 127

-support
-protection
-movement
-mineral and growth factor storage
-blood cell formation (bone marrow)
-triglyceride (fat) storage
-hormone production

front 128

Function of bones : Support

back 128

for body and soft organs

front 129

Function of bones : Protection

back 129

-for brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

front 130

Function of bones : Movement

back 130

-levers for muscle action

front 131

Function of bones : Mineral and growth factor storage

back 131

-calcium & phosphorus, and growth facto reservoir

front 132

Function of bones : Blood cell formation

back 132

hematopoiesis in red marrow cavities of certain bones

front 133

Function of bones : Triglyceride (fat) storage

back 133

in bone cavities ---> energy source

front 134

Function of bones : hormone production

back 134

osteocalcin
-regulates bone formation
-protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus

front 135

Bone

back 135

-are organs
-contain all different types of tissue
-grow with reproduction of cartilage cells

front 136

bone texture

back 136

compact --> dense outer layer; smooth and solid
spongy-->honeycomb of flat pieces (trabeculae) --red bone marrow lives in spongy

front 137

hyaline cartilage

back 137

covers joint/articular surfaces

front 138

periosteum

back 138

-covers external surfaces except joint surfaces
-outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue
-white, double layered membrane
-anchoring points for tendons and ligaments

front 139

endosteum

back 139

-aerolar connective tissue based membrane
-covers trabecular of spongy bone
-lining of internal cavity of bone

front 140

hematopoietic tissue

back 140

-red marrow
--produces ALL blood cells red and white
-not a lot in adults
found in trabecular cavities of spongy bone

front 141

Bone markings

back 141

-sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
-joint surfaces
-conduits for blood vessels and nerves
-projections
-depressions
-openings

front 142

projections

back 142

-stress created by muscle pull or joint modifications
-occurs bc muscles or tendons are attached to the bone

front 143

tuberosity

back 143

large rounded projection, may be roughened

front 144

crest

back 144

narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

front 145

trochanter

back 145

very large, blunt, irregular shaped process (only on femur)

front 146

line

back 146

narrow ridge of bone, less prominent tun a crest

front 147

tubercule

back 147

small rounded projection or process

front 148

epicondyle

back 148

raised area on or above condyle

front 149

spine

back 149

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

front 150

process

back 150

any bony prominence

front 151

head

back 151

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

front 152

facet

back 152

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

front 153

condyle

back 153

rounded articular (joined) projection

front 154

ramus

back 154

armlike bar of bone

front 155

groove

back 155

furrow

front 156

fissure

back 156

narrow, slitlike opening

front 157

foramen

back 157

round or oval opening through a bone

front 158

notch

back 158

indentation at the edge of a structure

front 159

meatus

back 159

canal-like passageway

front 160

sinus

back 160

cavity within a bone, filled with air and line with a mucous membrane

front 161

fossa

back 161

shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as a articular surface

front 162

Cells of bone tissue

back 162

-(baby) osteogenic cells
-(teen) osteoblasts
-(adult) osteocytes
-bone lining cells --found under endosteum periosteum
-osteoclasts --cells that destroy bone

front 163

osteogenic

back 163

-baby
-miotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

front 164

osteoblasts

back 164

-teenager
-bone forming cells
-makes bone matrix that is primarily collagen
-secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid

front 165

osteocytes

back 165

-adult
-mature bone cells in lacunae
-monitor and maintain bone matrix
-act as stress or strain sensors
-all bones formed out of cartilage

front 166

bone lining cells

back 166

-flat cells on bone surfaces believed to help maintain matrix
-help maintain matrix and collagen
-external bone surface called periosteal cells
-lining internal surfaces called endosteall cells

front 167

osteoclasts

back 167

-come from red marrow (hematopoietic stem cells)
-secrete a weak acidic solution similar to vinegar
-dissolves calcium out of bone

front 168

compact bone

back 168

lamellar bone

front 169

osteon/ haversian system

back 169

-runs longitudinally
-structural unit of compact bone
-elongated cylinder

front 170

lamellae

back 170

-hollow tubes of bone matrix
-in osteon in compact bone
-collagen fibers in adjacent rings run in different directions
-withstands stress--resists twisting

front 171

central (haversian) canal

back 171

-runs through core of osteon
-contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
-can bleed to death from broken bone

front 172

lacunae

back 172

-small cavities that contain osteocytes

front 173

canaliculi

back 173

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

front 174

osteoid

back 174

-1/3 of organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
-90% main component is collagen
-contributes to structure; gives bone strength and flexibility

front 175

hydroxyapatites

back 175

-mineral salts
-65% of bone by mass
-mainly inorganic component calcium phosphate crystals
-responsible for hardness and resistance due to compression

front 176

frontal

back 176

forehead bone

front 177

zygomatic

back 177

cheekbone

front 178

mandible

back 178

lower jaw

front 179

nasal

back 179

bridge of nose

front 180

palatine

back 180

posterior bones of the hard plate

front 181

parietal

back 181

much of lateral and superior cranium

front 182

occipital

back 182

most posterior part of cranium

front 183

sphenoid

back 183

single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial base

front 184

lacrimal

back 184

tiny bones bearing tear ducts

front 185

maxilla

back 185

anterior part of hard plate

front 186

ethmoid

back 186

superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

front 187

temporal

back 187

site of mastoid process

front 188

sphenoid

back 188

site of sella turcica

front 189

ethmoid

back 189

site of cribriform plate

front 190

mandible

back 190

site of mental foramen

front 191

temporal

back 191

site of styloid processes

front 192

4 bones containing paranasal sinuses

back 192

ethmoid, frontal, maxilla, sphenoid

front 193

occipital

back 193

condyles here articulate (join) with the atlas

front 194

occipital

back 194

foramen magnum contained here

front 195

hyoid

back 195

small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach

front 196

vomer, nasal

back 196

two bones that form the nasal spetum

front 197

ethmoid

back 197

bears an upward protrusion, the "cock's thumb", or crista galli

front 198

mandible, maxilla

back 198

contain sockets bearing teeth

front 199

sacrum

back 199

composite bone, articulates(joins) with hip bone laterally

front 200

lumbar vertebrae

back 200

massive vertebrae; weight sustaining

front 201

coccyx

back 201

"tail bone" ; vestigial fused vertebrae

front 202

atlas

back 202

supports head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles

front 203

axis

back 203

dens here provide a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebrae

front 204

ribs and sternum

back 204

major bony components of the thorax

front 205

true rib

back 205

-attached to cartilage
-directly articulates (joins) with sternum

front 206

fibrocartilage

back 206

tissue that makes up the intervertebral discs

front 207

orbit

back 207

eye socket

front 208

squamous suture

back 208

connects temporal and parietal on each side of skull

front 209

14 facial bones

back 209

-doesn't touch brain
-2 lacrimal
-2 nasal
-2 zygoma
-2 maxilla
-2 palatine
-2 inferior nasal conchae
-vomer
-mandible

front 210

8 cranial bones

back 210

-all touch brain
-2 parietal
-2 temporal
-frontal
-occipital
-sphenoid
-ethmoid