What is a likely reason that large quantities of fructose may cause gut discomfort?
Facilitated diffusion is slower than active transport
The glucose transporter that is sensitive to insulin is
GLUT4.
Which hormonal changes occur in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration?
decreased insulin, increased glucagon
Glycemic load considers the _____ in the food.
quantity and quality of carbohydrate
People with type 1 diabetes have
below-normal glucokinase activity because of low insulin levels
Insulin is an anabolic hormone.
Which process does insulin stimulate
glycogenesis
Due to a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which tissue capable of glycogenesis cannot contribute to blood glucose levels between meals?
muscle
Glycolysis is a process involving
reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate
The major end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrate include
water, carbon dioxide, and energy
In what part of the cell does glycolysis occur
cytosol
In which cellular site is most of the energy released when carbohydrates are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
mitochondrion
Two hormones that stimulate glycogenolysis in the muscle and liver, respectively, are _____.
epinephrine and glucagon
In what organelle are the enzymes that catalyze the citric acid cycle located?
mitochondrion
In the _____ galactose is eventually converted to _____.
hepatocyte, glucose
Under anaerobic conditions within a cell, how many net ATPs are formed from one glucose molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation?
two
In the complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose, how many ATPs are formed?
32-38
When oxygen is present in a tissue, less glucose is metabolized to pyruvate. Why?
ATP accumulates and inhibits phosphofructokinase.