The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.

steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid–based hormones?

Calcium

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

T

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.

Second messengers

Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction?

synergism

feedback

antagonism

permissiveness

feedback

Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

induces secretory activity

stimulates production of an action potential

activates or deactivates enzymes

alters plasma membrane permeability

stimulates production of an action potential

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.

up-regulation

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

T

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

t

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

T

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

is partly contained within the infundibulum

Oxytocin ________.

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

What role do the kidneys play in erythropoiesis?

The kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the blood.

What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells?

reduced availability of oxygen

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

kidney

Peptides called NPY and AgRP are powerful appetite enhancers.

T

Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.

T

Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor?

the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR.

thyroxine

When blood glucose levels are low, the body begins to use more noncarbohydrate fuels for energy production. This process is called glucose activation.

F

The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat.

F

The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.

t

Glucose can be obtained from ________.

glycogenolysis

Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state?

absorption of glucose from the GI tract
lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver
glycogenolysis in the liver
catabolism of cellular protein

absorption of glucose from the GI tract

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

insulin

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) made? Select from letters A-D.

A

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzyme

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction?

type of hormone

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?

epinephrine

Eicosanoids do not include ________.

hydrocortisones

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

ADH ________.

is inhibited by alcohol

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

hypophyseal portal system

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

bones and skeletal muscles

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Why does antidiuretic hormone help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid?

It causes reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased blood water volume and a decreased solute concentration.

Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.

f

Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

f

ACTH ________.

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

t

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.

f

Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of iodine and calcium.

f

Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?

inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.

parathyroid hormone

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

t

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.

T

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.

F

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.

cortisol
secretin
aldosterone
insulin

cortisol

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.

epinephrine

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

cotisol

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.

aldosterone

Aldosterone ________.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

Addison's disease is due to a insufficient output of glucocorticoids only.

f

Hypersecretion of catecholamines can result in hypertension.

t

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation landmark for brain X rays.

t

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

f

Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production.

t

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.

t

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

the heart

Leptin is secreted by ________.

adipocytes

A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose level of 600 mg/dl. On assessment, the nurse observed that his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone. His face was flushed, his skin was dry, and his pH was low. What is the diagnosis and what physiological response is occurring?

Diabetes mellitus. The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH.

Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters.

t

The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin.

t

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

polycythemia

Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?

leptin

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

thymus gland

In aged individuals, chronic stress may increase blood levels of cortisol and possibly contribute to memory deterioration.

t

Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin.

f

What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis?

Bonemarrow

Identify the thyroid gland. Select from letters A-D.

A

What is the primary function of hormones?

alter cell activity

Which of the following mechanisms of hormone action is used by neurotransmitters and olfactory receptors?

cAMP

__________ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Permissiveness

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________.

humoral stimuli

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

f

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland."

t

At which point does the hormone bind to its intracellular receptor? Determine the receptor-hormone complex. Select from letters A-D.

A

What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image?

thyroxine

Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ______.

hyposecretion of dopamine

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

hormonal stimuli

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called __________.

tropins

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism (individual in the center of this image)?

growth hormone (GH)

What gland secretes growth hormone?

anterior pituitary (lobe)

Where is thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) made? Select from letters A-D.

A

You would predict that iodized salt would have no effect on any cases of ____________.

Graves' disease

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?

thyroid hormone

What type of cell is shown at letter C?

follicular cells

What hormone is released by the cells pictured in letter D?

calcitonin

Osteitis fibrosa is a rare complication of hyperparathyroidism where the bones soften and deform.

t

Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism?

neurons become more excitable and tingling sensations

Aldosteronism will cause ______.

decreased secretion of renin

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______.

blood pressure

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress?

glucocorticoids

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?

Cushing's syndrome

What hormone, notated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______.

increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands?

They have ducts.

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

adenoid

Which letter represents the adrenal glands? Select from letters A-D.

C

Identify the pancreas. Select from letters A-D.

d

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones?

enzymatic

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

synergism

At what point does the receptor-hormone complex bind to DNA? Select from letters A-D.

c

A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______.

interfering with the normal transmission of ADH to the posterior pituitary via the axons of hypothalamic neurons

Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following?

positive feedback by GH (growth hormone) on the anterior pituitary

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary?

none

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

prolactin

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?

antidiuretic hormone

Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues.

t

The anatomical effects of acromegaly can usually be reversed by surgically removing the tumor from the anterior pituitary.

f

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored? Select from letters A-D.

c

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary (lobe)?

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

What is the target organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)? Select from letters A-D.

c

What is the target organ of thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)? Select from letters A-D.

b

Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland?

Graves' disease

Name two hormones produced by the gland identified by letter B.

thyroid hormones and calcitonin

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ______.

all are correct

Which of the following hormones regulates blood calcium ion levels?

parathyroid hormone

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?

humoral

What cells release parathyroid hormone?

parathyroid cells

Two adrenal glands make hormones that are essential for life. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______.

lack of enzymes the adrenal gland needs to make cortisol and aldosterone

Pheochromocytoma produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity. Which of the following is common to both adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?

secretion of norepinephrine

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces?

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys?

adrenal

What factor inhibits aldosterone release? Select from letters A-D.

d

Which letter represents the hormone that promotes a decrease in blood pressure and a loss of sodium and water in urine? Select from letters A-D.

d

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels?

insulin

Which of the following structures does/does NOT produce a hormone or hormones?

lungs

Which of the following best describes the main effects of insulin?

lower blood glucose levels

Which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone?

insulin

Which hormone is involved in diabetes mellitus (DM)?

insulin

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

a decrease in blood glucose levels

Which hormone can indirectly control insulin release?

release of glucagon by the pancreatic islets

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body.

t

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?

Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

Nitric oxide is known to be the first gas to act as a biological messenger.

t

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________.

changes in the environment

Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division?

repressor genes

__________ is a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair.

A nutrient

Neurons and red blood cells rely exclusively on __________ to meet their energy needs.

glucose

__________ refers to reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

Catabolism

Glycolysis occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.

cytosol; anaerobic

What is the primary function of cellular respiration - its end-purpose?

to generate ATP

Which nutrients are the most important anabolic nutrients?

amino acids

__________ is the key hormone regulator of the absorptive state.

insulin

The primary goal during the postabsorptive state is to __________.

maintain blood glucose levels within an adequate range

During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______.

the glycogen content of the liver is reduced

Which nutrient molecule is the pivotal fuel molecule in the oxidative pathways?

glucose

Which of the following is NOT a pathway in the oxidation of glucose?

gluconeogenesis

Which term describes the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids?

lipolysis

The body's rate of kilocalorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities is called the __________.

total metabolic rate

The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______.

ketosis

Which hormone directs essentially all events of the absorptive state?

insulin

Most ATP in cellular respiration is generated in glycolysis.

f

The body is able to form glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

t