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Chapter 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

front 1

The _________ within the CNS support neurons and anchor them to their nutrient source.

back 1

astrocytes

front 2

what are the most abundant CNS neuroglia

back 2

astrocytes

front 3

What cells are defensive cells in the CNS

back 3

Microglial

front 4

Cold sores on the skin of the mouth occur when herpes simplex viruses that are dormant in neural ganglia become active and travel to the skin of the mouth. What is the mechanism by which these viruses travel from the ganglia (located within the head) to the skin of the mouth?

back 4

anterograde transport

front 5

Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated?

back 5

axon hillock

front 6

The depolarization phase of an action potential results from the opening of which channels?

back 6

voltage-gated Na+ channels

front 7

The repolarization phase of an action potential results from __________

back 7

the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels

front 8

Hyperpolarization results from __________.

back 8

slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels

front 9

What type of conduction takes place in unmyelinated axons?

back 9

Continuous conduction

front 10

An action potential is self-regenerating because __________.

back 10

depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na+ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment

front 11

Why does regeneration of the action potential occur in one direction, rather than in two directions?

back 11

The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential.

front 12

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

back 12

The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.

front 13

What changes occur to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels at the peak of depolarization?

back 13

Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open.

front 14

In which type of axon will velocity of action potential conduction be the fastest?

back 14

Myelinated axons with the largest diameter

front 15

The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.

back 15

The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____.

front 16

During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?

back 16

both the electrical and chemical gradients

front 17

The Na+–K+ pump actively transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage. In which direction is each ion pumped?

back 17

Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.

front 18

The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell.

back 18

Na+ and Cl–

front 19

Local anesthetics block voltage-gated Na+ channels, but they do not block mechanically gated ion channels. Sensory receptors for touch (and pressure) respond to physical deformation of the receptors, resulting in the opening of specific mechanically gated ion channels. Why does injection of a local anesthetic into a finger still cause a loss of the sensation of touch from the finger?

back 19

Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor will open the mechanically gated ion channels, but action potentials are still not initiated because propagation of an action potential requires the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

front 20

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the

back 20

synaptic cleft

front 21

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a

back 21

neurotransmitter.

front 22

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal they cause

back 22

they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.

front 23

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron,

back 23

ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.

front 24

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside,

back 24

the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

front 25

Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron?

back 25

excitatory postsynaptic potential

An excitatory postsynaptic potential, a type of graded potential, occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region, or postsynaptic membrane, of a neuron. Graded potentials are generated by chemically gated channels, whereas action potentials are produced by voltage-gated channels.

front 26

Which neurotransmitter(s) is/are the body's natural pain killer?

back 26

endorphins

front 27

Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing?

back 27

reverberating circuit

front 28

What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus?

back 28

integration center