front 1 What are leakage gated channels? | back 1 ![]() Channels that randomly open and close. Has more k+ permeability than Na+. The passing of K+ and Na+ across the membrane maintains the resting membrane potential of -70 millivolts. |
front 2 What are Mechanically gated channels? | back 2 ![]() Opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation (touch, pressure, stretching, and vibration) |
front 3 What are Voltage gated channels | back 3 ![]() Opens and closes in the response to change in membrane potential used to generate and conduct action potentials |
front 4 What are Ligand gated channels? | back 4 ![]() Opens in the response to the binding of a ligand (chemical stimulus) |
front 5 What is Saltatory Conduction? | back 5 ![]() Impulse along the exposed portions of myelinated axon appearing to jump or leap (fast) from node to node. |
front 6 What are somas? | back 6 Cell body; Contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical cellular organelles. |
front 7 What are axon terminals? | back 7 The axon and its collaterals end by dividing into many fine process. (telodendria) |
front 8 What are three types of Structural Neurons? | back 8 Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar |
front 9 What are three types of functional Neurons? | back 9 Sensory (afferent)
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front 10 ![]() What neuron has several dendrites and one axon? | back 10 Mulipolar Neurons |
front 11 ![]() What neuron has one dendrite and one axon? | back 11 Bipolar |
front 12 ![]() What neuron has one process that exits cell body but splits into axon and dendrite? | back 12 Unipolar |
front 13 What neuron relays stimuli to brain or spinal cord? | back 13 Sensory (afferent) |
front 14 What neuron analyzes and makes decisions regarding appropriate responses? | back 14 Integrative (Association or interneurons) |
front 15 What neuron relays decisions to muscles or glands to react? | back 15 Motor (efferent) |
front 16 What are the divisions of the PNS? | back 16 SNS (Somatic nervous system)
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front 17 Which nervous system controls voluntary neurons through use of efferent nuerons? | back 17 Somatic Nervous System (skeletal muscle, walking and smiling) |
front 18 Which nervous system controls involuntary neurons? | back 18 Auntonomic nervous system (smooth muscle,cardiac muscles, and glands) |
front 19 Which nervous system controls involuntary neurons in GI tract? | back 19 Enteric nervous system |
front 20 What are effectors? | back 20 What responds to the motor neuron impulse. (Muscle and glands) |
front 21 What are the four types of Neuroglia Cells in the CNS? | back 21 Oligodendrocytes
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front 22 What are the two types of neuroglia cells in the PNS? | back 22 Schwann Cells
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front 23 Describe an astrocyte cell. | back 23 They are the largest and most numerous of neuroglia. (Protoplasm)
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front 24 What produces myelin sheath in the CNS? | back 24 Oligodendrocytes |
front 25 Which cell phagotycize microbes in nerve tissues? | back 25 Microglia |
front 26 Which cell forms blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and makes and produce CSF? | back 26 ependymal cells |
front 27 What cell produces myelin sheath in the PNS? | back 27 Schwann cells |
front 28 What are the support neurons in the PNS ganglia? | back 28 Satellite cells |
front 29 What are myelin Sheaths? | back 29 A multi-layered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction |
front 30 What are nodes of ranvier? | back 30 gaps in the myelin sheath that appear at intervals along the axons. |
front 31 Describe the development of Schwann cells. | back 31 Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. Ech schwann cell wraps about 1mm of a single axons length by spiraling many times around the axon. |
front 32 What are the parts of a Schwann cell? | back 32 Nucleus, cytoplasm, axon, neurolemma. |
front 33 What are diverging circuits? | back 33 The nerve impulse from a single presynaptic neuron causes the stimulation of increasing number of cells along the circuit. (1 to many) |
front 34 What are converging circuits? | back 34 several postsynaptic neuron receives nerve impulses from several different sources. |
front 35 What are reverberating circuits? | back 35 The incoming impulse stimulates the first neuron, which stimulates the second, which stimulates the third, and so on. (breathing) |
front 36 What does Parallel after-discharge circuit do? | back 36 stimulates a group of neurons/synapses with a common post synaptic cell. (Cortex of brain for higher learning) |
front 37 What are spinal meninges? | back 37 ![]() Surrounds the spinal cord and are continuous with the cranial meninges. (spinal Column)
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front 38 What are denticulate ligaments? | back 38 Triangular-shaped membranous extensions of the pia mater suspend the spinal cord in the middle of its dural sheath. (Thickenings of the pia mater) |
front 39 What are the parts of the Reflex Arch? | back 39 1. Sensory receptor
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front 40 What does Sensory receptors(1) do in a Reflex Arch? | back 40 Respnds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential. |
front 41 What does sensory neurons (2) do in a Reflex Arch? | back 41 axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center. |
front 42 What is the integrating center(3) in the reflex arch? | back 42 One or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons. |
front 43 What happens in the motor neuron (4) in the Reflex Arch? | back 43 axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector. |
front 44 What is the effector in the Reflex Arch? | back 44 Muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses. |
front 45 What are the Enlargements of the spinal cord? | back 45 ![]() Cervical enlargement
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front 46 How many nerves are there in the thoracic nerve and what does it do? | back 46 12 pairs. Helps with breathing. |
front 47 What are intercostal nerves? | back 47 They directlyconnect to the structures they supply in the intercostal spaces. The anterior rami of spinal nerves do not enter into the formation of plexuses. |
front 48 Which connective tissue covering wraps individual axons? | back 48 ![]() Endoneurium |
front 49 Which connective tissue covering wraps around fascicles? | back 49 ![]() perineurium |
front 50 Which connective tissue covering covers the entire nerve? | back 50 ![]() Epineurium |
front 51 What are meningeal branches? | back 51 A branch that reenters the vertebrate cavity through the invertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges. |
front 52 What does reciprocal innervation do? | back 52 Prevents conflict between opposing muscle and is vital in coordinating body movements. |
front 53 What is the brain stem? | back 53 It is continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. |
front 54 What is the blood brain barrier? | back 54 Consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial celss of brain blood capillaries.
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front 55 What is CSF and what is its job? | back 55 A clear liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries.
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front 56 What produces the majority CSF? | back 56 Choroid Plexus(networks of blood capillaries in the walls of all the ventricles) |
front 57 Vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII) | back 57 Special sensory that convey impulses related to hearing and equilibrium. |
front 58 Vagus Nerve (X) | back 58 A sensory motor that decreases heart rate, allows swallowing, vocalizing, coughing, taste from epiglottis, monitors blood pressure, oxygen, and CO2 in blood. |
front 59 Oculomotor nerve (III) | back 59 A somatic and motor nerve that controls movement of the eyeballs and upper eyelids. They adjust lens for near vision (Accomadation).
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front 60 Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons that enter the spinal cord? | back 60 Spinal ganglia or dorsal root ganglia. |
front 61 What are the main parts of the Brain? | back 61 Brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum, Diencephalon |
front 62 What is Hemispheric Lateralization? | back 62 Anatomical, physiological differences in tow hemispheres. |
front 63 What are association tracts? | back 63 Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere. |
front 64 Optic Nerve(II) | back 64 A sensory nerve that contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for vision. |
front 65 Trigeminal Nerve (V) | back 65 A sensory and motor nerve that senses touch, pain and thermal sensation from scalp, face, and oral cavity.
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front 66 What are Pacinian Corpuscles? | back 66 large oval structures that are composed of a multi-layered connective tissue capsule that encloses a dendrite. |
front 67 What are nociceptors? | back 67 They respind to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue. |
front 68 What are commissural tracts? | back 68 Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere.
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front 69 Primary Somatosensory area | back 69 receives nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temperature, pain and proprioception.
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front 70 Primary auditory cortex | back 70 receives aid for sound and is involve in auditory.
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front 71 Primary olfactory area | back 71 receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory perception. |
front 72 What are Merkel discs? | back 72 saucer shaped flattened free nerve endings that make contact with Merkel Cells of the statum basale.
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front 73 Primary motor area | back 73 In the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
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front 74 What are Ruffini Corpuscle? | back 74 Elongated encapsulated receptors located deep in the dermis and in ligaments and tendons
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front 75 Primary visual area | back 75 Receives visual information and is involved in visual perception. |
front 76 What are Meissner Corpuscles? | back 76 They are touch receptors that are located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin. |
front 77 Brocha's Area | back 77 Receives information from primary auditory area |
front 78 Pineal gland | back 78 Secretes the hormone Melatonin.
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front 79 What is a Folia? | back 79 series of slender parallel folds |
front 80 Cervical enlargement | back 80 The superior enlargement. Extends from the fourth cervical vertebra C4 to the first thoracic vertebra T1. |
front 81 Lumbar enlargement | back 81 The inferior enlargement. Extends from the ninth to twelfth thoracic. |
front 82 Conus medullaris | back 82 Inferior to the lumbar enlargement. The spinal cord terminates as a tapering, conical structure. Ends at the level of the inter vertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. |
front 83 Filum terminale | back 83 Arising from the conus med |