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Nervous Tissue, The spinal cord and Spinal Nerves, and The brain and cranial nerves

front 1 What are leakage gated channels?	back 1 Channels that randomly open and close. Has more k+ permeability than Na+. The passing of K+ and Na+ across the membrane maintains the resting membrane potential of -70 millivolts.
front 2 What are Mechanically gated channels?	back 2 Opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation (touch, pressure, stretching, and vibration)
front 3 What are Voltage gated channels	back 3 Opens and closes in the response to change in membrane potential used to generate and conduct action potentials
front 4 What are Ligand gated channels?	back 4 Opens in the response to the binding of a ligand (chemical stimulus)

front 5 What is Saltatory Conduction?	back 5 Impulse along the exposed portions of myelinated axon appearing to jump or leap (fast) from node to node.
front 6 What are somas?	back 6 Cell body; Contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical cellular organelles.
front 7 What are axon terminals?	back 7 The axon and its collaterals end by dividing into many fine process. (telodendria)
front 8 What are three types of Structural Neurons?	back 8 Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar

front 9 What are three types of functional Neurons?	back 9 Sensory (afferent) Integrative (association or interneurons) Motor (efferent)
front 10 What neuron has several dendrites and one axon?	back 10 Mulipolar Neurons
front 11 What neuron has one dendrite and one axon?	back 11 Bipolar
front 12 What neuron has one process that exits cell body but splits into axon and dendrite?	back 12 Unipolar

front 13 What neuron relays stimuli to brain or spinal cord?	back 13 Sensory (afferent)
front 14 What neuron analyzes and makes decisions regarding appropriate responses?	back 14 Integrative (Association or interneurons)
front 15 What neuron relays decisions to muscles or glands to react?	back 15 Motor (efferent)
front 16 What are the divisions of the PNS?	back 16 SNS (Somatic nervous system) ANS (autonomic nervous system) ENS (Enteric nervous system) Cranial nerves: 12 Soinal nerves: 31

front 17 Which nervous system controls voluntary neurons through use of efferent nuerons?	back 17 Somatic Nervous System (skeletal muscle, walking and smiling)
front 18 Which nervous system controls involuntary neurons?	back 18 Auntonomic nervous system (smooth muscle,cardiac muscles, and glands)
front 19 Which nervous system controls involuntary neurons in GI tract?	back 19 Enteric nervous system
front 20 What are effectors?	back 20 What responds to the motor neuron impulse. (Muscle and glands)

front 21 What are the four types of Neuroglia Cells in the CNS?	back 21 Oligodendrocytes astrocytes, microglia ependymal cells
front 22 What are the two types of neuroglia cells in the PNS?	back 22 Schwann Cells Satellite cells
front 23 Describe an astrocyte cell.	back 23 They are the largest and most numerous of neuroglia. (Protoplasm) The functions of the astrocytes is homeostasis, helps form blood brain barrier, nurse made to neuron, and neurotransmitter.
front 24 What produces myelin sheath in the CNS?	back 24 Oligodendrocytes

front 25 Which cell phagotycize microbes in nerve tissues?	back 25 Microglia
front 26 Which cell forms blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and makes and produce CSF?	back 26 ependymal cells
front 27 What cell produces myelin sheath in the PNS?	back 27 Schwann cells
front 28 What are the support neurons in the PNS ganglia?	back 28 Satellite cells

front 29 What are myelin Sheaths?	back 29 A multi-layered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction
front 30 What are nodes of ranvier?	back 30 gaps in the myelin sheath that appear at intervals along the axons.
front 31 Describe the development of Schwann cells.	back 31 Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. Ech schwann cell wraps about 1mm of a single axons length by spiraling many times around the axon.
front 32 What are the parts of a Schwann cell?	back 32 Nucleus, cytoplasm, axon, neurolemma.

front 33 What are diverging circuits?	back 33 The nerve impulse from a single presynaptic neuron causes the stimulation of increasing number of cells along the circuit. (1 to many)
front 34 What are converging circuits?	back 34 several postsynaptic neuron receives nerve impulses from several different sources.
front 35 What are reverberating circuits?	back 35 The incoming impulse stimulates the first neuron, which stimulates the second, which stimulates the third, and so on. (breathing)
front 36 What does Parallel after-discharge circuit do?	back 36 stimulates a group of neurons/synapses with a common post synaptic cell. (Cortex of brain for higher learning)

front 37 What are spinal meninges?	back 37 Surrounds the spinal cord and are continuous with the cranial meninges. (spinal Column) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater
front 38 What are denticulate ligaments?	back 38 Triangular-shaped membranous extensions of the pia mater suspend the spinal cord in the middle of its dural sheath. (Thickenings of the pia mater)
front 39 What are the parts of the Reflex Arch?	back 39 1. Sensory receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Integrating center 4. Motor Neuron 5. Effector
front 40 What does Sensory receptors(1) do in a Reflex Arch?	back 40 Respnds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential.

front 41 What does sensory neurons (2) do in a Reflex Arch?	back 41 axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center.
front 42 What is the integrating center(3) in the reflex arch?	back 42 One or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons.
front 43 What happens in the motor neuron (4) in the Reflex Arch?	back 43 axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector.
front 44 What is the effector in the Reflex Arch?	back 44 Muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses.

front 45 What are the Enlargements of the spinal cord?	back 45 Cervical enlargement lumbar enlargement Conus Medullaris Filum Terminale
front 46 How many nerves are there in the thoracic nerve and what does it do?	back 46 12 pairs. Helps with breathing.
front 47 What are intercostal nerves?	back 47 They directlyconnect to the structures they supply in the intercostal spaces. The anterior rami of spinal nerves do not enter into the formation of plexuses.
front 48 Which connective tissue covering wraps individual axons?	back 48 Endoneurium

front 49 Which connective tissue covering wraps around fascicles?	back 49 perineurium
front 50 Which connective tissue covering covers the entire nerve?	back 50 Epineurium
front 51 What are meningeal branches?	back 51 A branch that reenters the vertebrate cavity through the invertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges.
front 52 What does reciprocal innervation do?	back 52 Prevents conflict between opposing muscle and is vital in coordinating body movements.

front 53 What is the brain stem?	back 53 It is continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
front 54 What is the blood brain barrier?	back 54 Consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial celss of brain blood capillaries. Protects brain from harmful substances and pathogens. Allows O2 and CO2 to enter.
front 55 What is CSF and what is its job?	back 55 A clear liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries. Carries small amount of oxygen, glucose, etc from blood to neurons and neuroglia.
front 56 What produces the majority CSF?	back 56 Choroid Plexus(networks of blood capillaries in the walls of all the ventricles)

front 57 Vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII)	back 57 Special sensory that convey impulses related to hearing and equilibrium.
front 58 Vagus Nerve (X)	back 58 A sensory motor that decreases heart rate, allows swallowing, vocalizing, coughing, taste from epiglottis, monitors blood pressure, oxygen, and CO2 in blood.
front 59 Oculomotor nerve (III)	back 59 A somatic and motor nerve that controls movement of the eyeballs and upper eyelids. They adjust lens for near vision (Accomadation). Constrict pupils.
front 60 Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons that enter the spinal cord?	back 60 Spinal ganglia or dorsal root ganglia.

front 61 What are the main parts of the Brain?	back 61 Brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum, Diencephalon
front 62 What is Hemispheric Lateralization?	back 62 Anatomical, physiological differences in tow hemispheres.
front 63 What are association tracts?	back 63 Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere.
front 64 Optic Nerve(II)	back 64 A sensory nerve that contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for vision.

front 65 Trigeminal Nerve (V)	back 65 A sensory and motor nerve that senses touch, pain and thermal sensation from scalp, face, and oral cavity. *The largest cranial nerve
front 66 What are Pacinian Corpuscles?	back 66 large oval structures that are composed of a multi-layered connective tissue capsule that encloses a dendrite.
front 67 What are nociceptors?	back 67 They respind to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue.
front 68 What are commissural tracts?	back 68 Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere. corpus callosum anterior commissure *posterior commissure

front 69 Primary Somatosensory area	back 69 receives nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temperature, pain and proprioception. *Located postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe.
front 70 Primary auditory cortex	back 70 receives aid for sound and is involve in auditory. *Located in occipital lobe
front 71 Primary olfactory area	back 71 receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory perception.
front 72 What are Merkel discs?	back 72 saucer shaped flattened free nerve endings that make contact with Merkel Cells of the statum basale. *In fingertips, hands, and lips.

front 73 Primary motor area	back 73 In the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. Decides what movement sent down spinal cord to effectors.
front 74 What are Ruffini Corpuscle?	back 74 Elongated encapsulated receptors located deep in the dermis and in ligaments and tendons *present in hands and sensitive to stretching.
front 75 Primary visual area	back 75 Receives visual information and is involved in visual perception.
front 76 What are Meissner Corpuscles?	back 76 They are touch receptors that are located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin.

front 77 Brocha's Area	back 77 Receives information from primary auditory area
front 78 Pineal gland	back 78 Secretes the hormone Melatonin. size of a pea Pine cone like
front 79 What is a Folia?	back 79 series of slender parallel folds
front 80 Cervical enlargement	back 80 The superior enlargement. Extends from the fourth cervical vertebra C4 to the first thoracic vertebra T1.

front 81 Lumbar enlargement	back 81 The inferior enlargement. Extends from the ninth to twelfth thoracic.
front 82 Conus medullaris	back 82 Inferior to the lumbar enlargement. The spinal cord terminates as a tapering, conical structure. Ends at the level of the inter vertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.
front 83 Filum terminale	back 83 Arising from the conus med