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45 notecards = 12 pages (4 cards per page)

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*Exercise 44: Survey of Embryonic Development

front 1

Define Zygote

back 1

Fertilized egg

front 2

Describe how you were able to tell by observation when a sea urchin egg was fertilized

back 2

A fertilized membrane is present beneath the outer jelly coat.

front 3

fusion of male and female pronuclei

back 3

fertilization

front 4

a solid ball of embryonic cells

back 4

morula

front 5

process of rapid mitotic cell division w/o intervening growth periods

back 5

cleavage

front 6

Combination of egg and sperm

back 6

zygote

front 7

Process involving cell rearrangements to form the three primary germ layers

back 7

gastrulation

front 8

Embryonic stage in which the embryo consists of a hollow ball of cells

back 8

blastula

front 9

What is the importance of cleavage in embryonic development?

back 9

It provides a large number of smaller cells for morphogenesis

front 10

How is cleavage different from mitotic cell division, which occurs later in life?

back 10

During cleavage there are no intervening growth periods between the successive divisions. Therefore the cells get smaller & smaller, bu the embryonic mass remains essentially the same size.

front 11

Produces the embryonic body

back 11

inner cell mass

front 12

becomes the chorion and cooperates with uterine tissues to form the placenta

back 12

trophoblast

front 13

produces the amnion, yolk sac and allantois

back 13

inner cell mast

front 14

produces the primordial germ cells (an embryonic membrane)

back 14

yolk sac

front 15

An embryonic membrane that provides the structural basis for the body stalk or umbilical cord

back 15

allantois

front 16

back 16

A. Decidua basalis
B. Decidua capsularis
C. Uterine Cavity
D. Ectoderm
E. Mesoderm
F. Endoderm
G. Chorion
H. Chorionic villi
I. Body Stalk
J. Amnion

front 17

Explain the process and importance of gastrulation

back 17

It involves the migration, movement & rearrangement of embryonic cells, so that a 3-layer embryo is formed (3 primary germ layers)

front 18

What is the functionof the amnionand the amniotic fluid?

back 18

The amnion is a protective, fluid filled sac that surrounds the embryo. The fluid buffer protects theembryo from phsical trauma & prevents adhesion formation during rapid growth.

front 19

Describe the process of implantation, noting the role of the tropoblast cells

back 19

The tropoblast cells overlying the inner cell mass adhere to the endometrium. The trophoblast cells then secrete enzymes that erode the endometrial lining to reach the vascular supply beneath.

front 20

How many days after fertilization is implatation generally completed?

back 20

12-14

front 21

What event in the female menstrual cycle ordinarily occurs around mid cycle if implantation does not occur

back 21

Menses, because this is usually the 14th day after ovulation.

front 22

What name is given to the part of the uterine wall directly under the implanting embryo? What is surrounding the rest of the embryonic structure?

back 22

Decidua basalis; decidua capsularis

front 23

What does decidua mean?

back 23

"falls off" or is subject to periodic shedding

front 24

How is the term "deciduas" applied to pregnancy?

back 24

After birth they slough off and are flushed out of the uterus.

front 25

Which two organ systems are extensively developed in the very young embryo?

back 25

Nervous system and the circulatory system.

front 26

Describe the direction of development?

back 26

Fill in later

front 27

Does bodily control during infancy develop in the same direction? Think! Can an infant pick up a common pin (pincer grasp) or wave his arms earlier? is arm-hand or leg-foot control achieved earlier?

back 27

Fill in Later

front 28

Skeletal muscle develops from

back 28

mesoderm

front 29

The skeleton develops from

back 29

mesoderm

front 30

The gut lining develops from

back 30

endoderm

front 31

The respitory mucosa develops from

back 31

endoderm

front 32

The circulatory system develops from

back 32

mesoderm

front 33

The epidermis of the skin develops from

back 33

ectoderm

front 34

The nervous system develops from

back 34

ectoderm

front 35

The serosa membrane develops from

back 35

mesoderm

front 36

The liver, pancreas deveops from

back 36

endoderm

front 37

15. Fill in later

back 37

15. Fill in later

front 38

Where in the human uterus do implantation and placentation ordinarily occur?

back 38

High in the Uterus

front 39

Describe the functions of the placenta

back 39

Provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, removes fetal wastes and produces the hormones of pregnancy.

front 40

What embryonic membranes has the placenta more or less "put out of business"?

back 40

The placenta provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, removes fetal wastes, and produces the hormones of pregnancy. The yolk sac and allantois.

front 41

When does the embryo come to be called a fetus?

back 41

The 9th week of development

front 42

What is the usual and most desirable fetal position in utero? Why is this the most desirable position?

back 42

head down; because it makes it a whole lot easier on mom and fetus during birth.

front 43

Describe the gross structure of the human placenta

back 43

Smooth on the side from which the umbilecal cord issues; Torn, rough & bloody on the side that was united w/maternal tissues/blood rich.

front 44

What is the tissue origin of the placenta? Fetal, maternal or both?

back 44

Both

front 45

What are the placental barriers that must be crossed to exchange materials

back 45

The membranes of the villi & capillary walls of the fetal vascular supply.