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50 notecards = 13 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Urinary System

front 1

It is the urinary system that is primarily concerned with

back 1

the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body

front 2

kidneys maintain the balance of

back 2

electrolytes
acid-base ratio
fluids

front 3

the major homeostatic organ

back 3

kidney

front 4

the kidney excretes

back 4

toxins, metabolic wastes, & excess ions in the urine

front 5

the kidney retains needed substances by

back 5

returning them to the blood

front 6

the kidney regulates

back 6

blood volume, pH, & chemical composition

front 7

Urinary System Organs

back 7

Kidneys, Urinary bladder, Ureters, Urethra

front 8

Blood flows into the kidney through

back 8

renal arteries

front 9

renal arteries

back 9

break up into the segmental arteries which enter the hilum

front 10

segmental arteries

back 10

interlobar arteries (arcuate arteries)-- cortical radiate arteries, afferent arteries

front 11

cortical radiate veins

back 11

arcuate veins -interlobar veins - renal vein- into the pelvis region

front 12

nephrons form

back 12

urine

front 13

two distinct capillary beds (two main parts of nephrons)

back 13

glomerulus
renal tubule

front 14

glomerulus (capillary knot)

back 14

a tuft of capillaries

front 15

renal tubule

back 15

begins as cup-shaped glomerular (Bowman's) capsule surrounding glomerulus

front 16

the inner visceral wall creates a porous epithelial which is an important part of the

back 16

filtration membrane

front 17

From the capsule the portions of the tubule are

back 17

-proximal convoluted tubule
-Loop of Henle
-Distal convoluted tubule

front 18

Proximal Convoluted tubule

back 18

receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule and is the site of tubular reabsorption

front 19

distal convoluted duct leads into a

back 19

collecting duct (receives urine from many nephrons)

front 20

__________ _____ give medullary pyramids their striped appearance

back 20

collecting ducts

front 21

As collecting ducts approach the renal pelvis, they fuse together and empty the urine into the

back 21

minor calyces via the papillae of the pyramids

front 22

the two capillary beds:

back 22

glomerulus
peritubular capillary bed

front 23

Urine formation is the result of three processes:

back 23

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

front 24

filtration occurs in the

back 24

glomerulus

front 25

reabsorption and secretion begin in the

back 25

proximal convoluted tubule

front 26

Secretion involves materials either moving from the blood of the ___________ ___________ or from the tubular cells into the ________

back 26

peritubular capillaries; filtrate

front 27

chemical composition of urine

back 27

95% water and 5% solutes

front 28

Blood composition depends on 3 major factors:

back 28

diet, cellular metabolism, and urinary output

front 29

pH characteristics of urine

back 29

ranges from 4.5 to 8.0 with the average at 6.0
-diet can alter pH of urine
-bacterial infection can alter pH

front 30

specific gravity of urine is

back 30

slightly more than water, since it contains solutes

front 31

1.001 dilute urine results when

back 31

one drinks lots of water, uses diuretics, suffers from diabetes insipid us, or chronic renal failure

front 32

1.030 on the high end (concentrated) can result from

back 32

limited fluid intake, fever, kidney inflammation (pyelonephritis) or diabetes mellitus

front 33

abnormal urinary constituents

back 33

glucose
albumin

front 34

(Abnormal Urinary Constituents)

glucose due to

back 34

high carb intake or diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus

front 35

(Abnormal Urinary Constituents)

albumin indicative of
& due to:

back 35

abnormal permeability of the glomerular membrane
-excessive excretion, pregnancy, glomerulonephritis

front 36

(Abnormal Urinary Constituents)
-Keytone bodies

back 36

occur during starvation, or diets low in carbs

front 37

(Abnormal Urinary Constituents)
red blood cells

back 37

cystitis, irritation of the urinary tract organs
infection, inflammation

front 38

(Abnormal Urinary Constituents)
white blood cells

back 38

pus- inflammation of the urinary tract, cystitis, or pyelonephritis

front 39

(Abnormal Urinary Constituents)
casts due to

back 39

glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis

front 40

kidney acts as a blood ______ then as a blood _________

back 40

filter; processor

front 41

ureters

back 41

drain urine from the kidneys and conduct it by peristalsis to the bladder for temporary storage

front 42

urinary bladder

back 42

receives urine from ureters and discharges it via the urethra, stores it temporarily

front 43

urethra

back 43

drains the bladder

front 44

-the superficial kidney region, lighter in color
-rich vascular supply

back 44

kidney cortex

front 45

-deep to the cortex, darker reddish-brown color
-segregated into triangular regions that have a striped appearance

back 45

medullary region

front 46

-base of each faces toward the cortex
-pointed papilla (apex) points to the innermost kidney

back 46

medullary (renal) pyramids

front 47

-areas of tissue that are more like the cortex in appearance
-segregate and dip inward between pyramids

back 47

renal columns

front 48

-extends inward from hilum
-relatively flat, basin like cavity that is continuous with the ureter (exits from hilum region)

back 48

renal pelvis

front 49

(Abnormal Urinary Constituents)
high specific gravity

back 49

diabetes mellitus, pyelonephritis

front 50

4 characteristics of urine

back 50

color variations
odor
pH
specific gravity