Most excitatory neurons in the CNS communicate via the neurotransmitter

Glutamate

Catecholamines include the following

dopamine
adrenalin
norepinephrine

Following injury to a peripheral neuron, chromatolysis occurs, which is

breakup of the Nissl bodies

What part of the neuron is necessary for regeneration to occur after injury

Neurolemma

The “glue” that holds the nerve tissue

neuroglia

During an action potential

sodium gates open first

Caused by a virus in the brain

rabies

In the adult, the spinal cord extends from the medulla to

second lumbar

Swelling or knot. Small masses of nercous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, that are located outside the brain and spinal cord.

Ganglia

The cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons are located in swellings known as

posterior root ganglia

Sensory spinal tracts are also known as

ascending

The phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm, arises from the

cervical

What are the five major components of a spinal reflex arc

receptor---sensory neuron---intergrating certer site of synapse between sensory and other neuron---decision making area in gray matter---motor neuron---effector

The polio virus typically attacks

cord in the anterior gray horns of spinal

The contralateral reflex that helps you maintain your balance when the flexor reflex is initiated is the

crossed extensor reflex

“Loss of sensation to a neuron” is called

nerve block

The avascular layer of the meninges is

arachnoid

The roots of these spinal nerves angle inferiorly in the vertebral cavity from the end of the spinal cord

Cauda Equina

Arises from the conus medullaris. Extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

Filum terminale

In the center of the gray commissure is a small space that extend the entire length of the spinal cord and filled with cerbrospinal fluid

Central canal

“Inflammation" of a nerve due to a bone fracture

neuritis

Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space. Btw the arachnoid mater and pia mater.

CSF- Cerebrospinal Fluid

Allows exchange of nutrients and wates products between the blood and nervous tissue

CSF circulation

CSF is formed in the

choroid plexuses fo each lateral ventrical

CSF is a clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord from

chemical and physical injuries

Transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus and then to the cerebrum

Spinothalamic tract

Conscious control over eye, jaw, and face muscles

Corticobulbar tracts

Conscious control of skeletal muscles

Corticospinal tract

Classification of a spinal nerve b/c the posterior root contains sensory axons and the anterior root contains motor axon

Mixed nerve

Procedure used to withdraw CSF for diagnostic purposes

Spinal tap(lumbar puncture)7

Contains interstitial fluid

Subdural space

The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is located in the

precentral gyrus in parietal lobe (Fig 14.15)

The primary visual area and visual association area of the cerebral cortex are both located in the

Occipital lobe (Fig 14.15)

Temporary cerebral dysfunction including dizziness, weakness…etc is referred to as

transient ischemic attack (TIA)(disorders)

The large, dural venous extending over the top of the brain is

superior cerebral vein (Fig 14.4)

Cranial nerve V is the

trigeminal nerve (Fig 14.5 and 14.20)

Where is the place responsible for maintaining consciousness and for awakening from sleep (center name).

reticular activating system (RAS) (under Reticular Formation before title CEREBELLUM)

The superior cerebellar peduncles connect ___ and ___ (which two places).

Cerebral motor areas to spinal cord (Fig 14.7)

The main brain region the regulates posture and balance is the

cerebellum(Fig 14.8)

Raising osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid stimulates the thirst center located in the

hypothalamus (Fig 14.20)

Control of the ANS is an important function of the area of the diencephalons called

hypothalamus (Fig 14.20)

The upfolds of cerebral tissue are known as ___ or ___.

gyri or convoltutions (Fig 14.11)

The postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum contains the primary ___ area.

primary somatosensory area (Fig 14.15)

Subdivisions of the PNS are the

Somatic, autonomic, enteric

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ? division and the ? division

Sympathetic, parasympathetic

The sensory function of the nervous system involves sensory receptors sensing certain changes in the

internal and external environments

Sensory neurons receive electical signals from

sensory receptors

The integrative function of the nervous system involves

analyzing sensory information
Storing some of it
Making decisions regarding appropriate responses

Motor functions involves

responding to intergration decisions

A neuron's resting membrance potential is established and maintained by differences

in both ion concentration and electrical gradients

A neuron's resting membrance potential is established and maintained by the fact that there are numerous large,

nondiffusible anions in the cytosol

A neuron's resting membrance potential is established and maintained by sodium potassium pumps that help to

maintain the proper distribution of sodium and potassium

Neurons with just one process extending from the cell body; are always sensory neurons

unipolar neurons

Small phagocytics neuroglia

microglia

Help maintain an appropriate chemical environment for generations of action potentials by neurons; part of the blood-brain barrier

astrocytes

Provide myelin sheath for CNS axons

oligodendrocytes

Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

gray matter

A cluster of cell bodies within the CNS

nucleus

Form CSF and assist in its circulation; form blood-cerebrospinal barrier

Ependymal cells

Neurons having several dendrites and one axon; most commons neuronal type

multipolar neurons

Neurons with one main dendrite and one axon; found in the retina of the eye

bipolar neurons

Provide myelin sheath for PNS axon

Schwann cells

Support neurons in PNS ganglia

Satellite cells

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord

Ganglia

Aggregation of myelinated processes from many neurons

white matter

Bundles of axons and associated connective tissue and blood vessels lying outside of the CNS

Nerve

Extensive neuronal networks that help regulate the digestive system

Enteric plexus

Sequence of rapidly occurring events that decreases and eventually reverses the membrane potential and the restores it to the resting state; a newve impluse

action potential

A small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more or less polarized

graded ptential

Period of time when a second action potential can be initiated with a very strong stimulus

Relative refractory period

The minimum level of depolarization required for a nerve impulse to be generated

threshold

The recovery of the resting membrane potential

repolarization

A neurotransmitter caused hyperpolarizaiton of the postysnaptic membrane

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A neurtransmitter caused depolarization of the postysnaptice membrane

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Time during which a neuron cannot produce an action potential even with a very strong stimulus

Absolute refractory period

Polarization that is less negative than the resting level

Depolarizing graded potential

Results from the buildup of neurotransmitter released simultaneuously by several presynaptic end bulbs

spatial summation

The hyperpolarization that occurs after the repolarizing phase of an action potential

after-hyperpolarizing phase

polarization that is more negative than the resting level

hyperpolarizing fraded potential

Results from the buildup of neurotransmitter from the rapid, successive release by a single presynaptic end bulb

temporal summation

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles

Neurofibrils

Rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons; site of protein synthesis

Nissl bodies

Store neurotransmitter

synaptic vesicles

The process that progagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell

axon

The highly branched receiving or input portion of a neuron

dendrites

A multilayered lipid and protein covering for axons produced by neuroglia

myelin sheath

The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell

Neurolemma

First portion of the axon, closest to the axon hillock

initial segment

Site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

Synapse

Form the cytoskeleton of a neuron

Neurofibrils

Gaps in the nyelin sheath of an axon

Nodes of Ranvier

General term for any neuronal process

Nerve fiber

Area where the axon joins the cell body

Axon hillock

Area where nerve impluse arise

Trigger zone

The numerous fine processes at the ends of an axon and its collaterals

Axon terminals

Interstitial fluid-filled space separating two neurons

Synaptic cleft

A reflux resulting in the contraction of a skeletal muscle when it is stretched

Stretch reflex

Receptors that monitor changes in muscle length

Muscle spindles

A balance-maintaining reflex

crossed extensors reflex

Operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation when muscle force becomes too extreme

tendon reflex

Reflex arc that consists of one sensory and one motor neuron

Monosynaptic reflex

Acts as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction

Stretch reflex

Sensory impulses enter on one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite side

Contra lateral reflex arc

Occurs when sensory nerve impulse travels up and down the spinal cord, thereby activating several motor neurons and more then one effector

Inter segmental reflex arc

Polysynaptic reflex initiated in response to a painful stimulus

Flexor (withdraw)reflex

Receptors that monitor changes in muscle tension

Tendon (Golgi tendon) organ

Maintains proper muscle tone

Stretch reflex

Reflex pathway that contains sensory neurons, inter neurons, and motor neurons

Polysynaptic reflex

Motor nerve impulses exit the spinal cord on the smae side that sensory impulses entered the spinal cord

Ipsilateral reflex arc

Protects the tendons and muscle from damage due to excessive tension

Tendon reflex

A neural circuit that coordinates body movements by causing contraction of one muscle and relaxation of antagonistic muscles or relaxation of a muscle and contraction of the antagonists

Reciprocal innervation

The joining together of the anterior rami of adjacent nerves

Plexus

Spinal nerve branches that serve the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk

Posterior (dorsal)ramus

Spinal nerve branches that serve the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the lateral and ventral trunk

anterior (ventral) root

Area of the spinal cord from which nerves to and from the upper limbs arise

cervical enlargement

The roots form the nerves that arise from the inferior part of the spinal cord but do not leave the vertebral column at the same level as they exit the cord

Cauda equina

Contains motor neurons axons and conducts impulses from the spinal cord to the peripheral organs and cells

Anterior (ventral) ramus

Avascular covering of spinal cord composed of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

Arachnoid mater

Contains sensory neurons axons and conducts impluses from the peripheral receptors into the spinal cord

Posterior (dorsal) ramus

Superficial spinal cord covering of dense, irregular connective tissue

dura mater

An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

filum terminale

Extending the length of the spinal cord, these pia mater thickenings fuse with the arachnoid mater and dura mater and help to protect the spinal cord from shock and sudden displacement

denticulate ligaments

Thin transparent connective tissue composed of interlacing bundles of collagen fibers and some elastic fibers adhering to the spinal cord's surface

Pia mater

Space within the spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Central canal

Spinal nerve branch that supplies vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges

Meningeal branch

Provides the entire nerve supply of the shoulders and upper limbs

Brachial plexus

Provide the nerve supply of the skin and muscles of the head,m neck, and superior part of the shoulders and chest

Cervical plexus

Provides the nerve supply of the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs

lunbar plexus

Provides the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs

Sacral plexus

Formed by the anterior rami of C1-C4 with some contribution by C5

Cervical plexus

Formed by anterior rami of S4-S5 and coccygeal nerves

coccygeal plexus

Formed by the anterior rami of L1-L4

Lumbar plexus

Formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1

Brachial plexus

Formed by the anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4

Sacral plexus

Phrenic nerve arises from this plexus

Cervical plexus

Median nerve arises from this plexus

Brachial plexus

Sciatic nerve arises from this plexus

Sacral plexus

Femoral nerve arises from this plexus

Lumbar plexus

Supplies a small area of skin in coccygeal region

Coccygeal plexus

Injury to this plexus can affect breathing

Cervical plexus

Cranial nerve that has dermatome

Trigerminal nerve

Largest nerve in the body

sciatica

Oculomotor

CN III

Trigerminal

CN V

abducens

CN VI

vestibulocochlear

CN VIII

acessory

CN XI

vagus

CN X

facial

CN VII

glossopharyngeal

CN IX

olfactory

CN I

trochlear

CN IV

optic

CN II

hypogloccal

CN XII

Functions in sense of smell

CN VIII

Functions in chewing

CN V

Functions in facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears

CN VII

Functions in movement of tongue during speech and swallowing

CN XII

functions in secretion of saliva, taste, regulation of blood pressure and muscle sense

CN IX

sensory only

CN I, CN II

functions in eye movement by controlling extrinsic eye muscles

CN III, CN IV, CN VI

functions in swallowing and head movements

XI

Functions in secretion of digestive fluids

CN X

Emotional brain; involved in olfaction and memory

Limbic system

Bridge connecting parts of the brain with each other

pons

Sensory relay area

thalamus

Alerts the cerbral cortex to incoming sensory signals and helps regulate muscle tone

reticular formation

The motor command center; regulates posture and balance

Cerebellum

Lacks a blood-brain barrier; can monitor chemical changes in the blood

circumbentricular organ

Sire of decussation of pyramids

Medula oblongata

Site of pneumataxic and apneustic areas

pons

Secretes melatoni

pineal gland

Contains sensory, motor, and association areas

cerebrum

Responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep

reticular activating system

Controls ANS

Hypothalamus

Contains reflex centers for movement of the eyes, head, and neck

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Plays an essential role in awareness and in the acquisition of knowledge; cognition

Thalamus, cerebrum

Several groups of nuclei that control large autonomic movements of skeletal muscles and help regulate muscle tone required for specific body movements

Basal ganglia

Produces hormones that requlate endocrine gland function

Hypothalamus

Contains the vital cardiovascular center and medullary rhythmicity center

Medulla oblongata

Protrusions in the medulla formed by the large corticospinal tracts

Pyramids

Dura mater extension that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Falx cerebri

Fingerlike extension of arachnoid mater where CSF reabsorbed

Arachnoid villi

Dura mater extension that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

falx cerebelli

Located in the hypothalamus; relay stations for reflexes related to smell

Mammillary bodies

Fold in the cerbral cortex

Gyri

Shallow grooves in the cerebral cortex

Sulci

Bundles of white matter that relay information between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

Cerebellar peduncles

A thick band of sensory and motor tracts that connect the cerebral cortex with the brain stem and spinal cord

Internal capsule

Dura mater extension that separates the cerbrum from the cerebellum

Tentorium cerebelli

Thin membranous partition between the lateral ventricles

septum pellucidum

Allows planning and production of speech

Broca's Area

Interprets pitch and rhythm

Primary auditory area

Controls voluntary contraction of muscles

Primary motor area

Allows recognition and evaluation of visual experiences

Visual association area

Integration and interpretation of somatic sensations: comparison of past to present sensations

Somatosensory association area

Receives inpulses for touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature

Primary somatosensory area

Receive impulses for taste

Primary gustatory area

Interpretation of sounds as speech, music, or noise

Auditory association area

Receives impulses from many sensory and association areas as well as the thalamus and brain stem; allows formation of thoughts so appropriate action can occur

Common integrative area

Translates words into thoughts

Wernicke's area

Receives impulses for smell

Primary olfactory area

Allows interpretation of shape, color, and movement

Primary visual area

Coordinates mucles movement for complex, learned sequential motor activities

Premotor area

Involved in scanning eye movements

Frontal eye field