front 1 Blood pressure | back 1 the force that blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels |
front 2 Arteries | back 2 blood pressure is highest in these |
front 3 The ventricles of the heart contract & eject blood into the aorta & pulmonary arteries | back 3 blood pressure is highest when |
front 4 Systolic blood pressure | back 4 blood pressure measured during ventricular contraction (cardiac systole) |
front 5 Diastolic blood pressure | back 5 blood pressure measured during ventricular relaxation (cardiac diastole) |
front 6 Veins & Arteries | back 6 have the same number of layers |
front 7 Sphygmomanometer | back 7 consists of an inflatable bladder enclosed in a nondistensible cuff |
front 8 stethoscope | back 8 necessary for the auscultatory method of blood pressure measurement |
front 9 Anastomosis | back 9 arteries forming a network for multiple pathways for blood to flow |
front 10 Circle of Willis & Coronary Circulation | back 10 examples of anastomosis |
front 11 Superior vena cava & inferior vena cava | back 11 all of the body's systemic veins (except cardiac veins) drain where |
front 12 endothelial tissue => connective tissue => elastic tissue | back 12 three layers of the tunica intima (deep to superficial) |
front 13 Simple squamous epithelium; Lumen | back 13 the endothelium consists of ________ _________ __________ that forms a smooth inner lining around the ___________. |
front 14 elastic tissue | back 14 allows for the expansion of the arteries |
front 15 tunica media | back 15 thickest layer on the walls of large arteries |
front 16 tunica media | back 16 made up of elastic tissue in large arteries & smooth muscle in small arteries |
front 17 tunica adventita | back 17 made up of collagen and elastic tissue (& nerves, & small blood vessels) |
front 18 Valves | back 18 thing that veins contain & arteries don't |
front 19 Capillaries | back 19 the only blood vessel whose walls permit gas exchange between the blood & surrounding tissues |
front 20 tunica media or tunica externa | back 20 capillaries contain no... |
front 21 Arteriosclerosis | back 21 thickening & toughening of arterial walls due to loss of elasticity as aging occurs |
front 22 Atherosclerosis | back 22 a disease that occurs when fatty deposits form along the walls of arteries |
front 23 Aneurysm | back 23 a bulge in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, usually an artery |
front 24 Varicose veins | back 24 sagging & swollen vessels |
front 25 Hypertension | back 25 high blood pressure (systolic > 140mmHg ; diastolic > 90mmHg) |
front 26 Systemic circulation | back 26 circulation to all body parts minus lungs & heart |
front 27 Coronary circulation | back 27 brings oxygenated blood & nutrients to the heart |
front 28 Oxygenated => deoxygenated | back 28 systemic & coronary circulations start _______ & end __________. |
front 29 Pulmonary circulation | back 29 brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be reoxygenated |
front 30 Deoxygenated => Oxygenated | back 30 Pulmonary circulation starts _______ & ends ____________. |
front 31 Systemic circulation | back 31 left side of the heart associated with... |
front 32 Pulmonary circulation | back 32 right side of the heart associated with... |
front 33 Superior vena cava | back 33 brings blood above the heart back to the right atrium |
front 34 Inferior vena cava | back 34 brings blood below the heart back to the right atrium |
front 35 Infarction | back 35 heart attack due to death of tissue |
front 36 atria ; ventricle | back 36 When the heart beats _______ contract first, followed by _______. |
front 37 the left side of the heart has to pump blood out of the heart to the rest of the body whereas, the right side only has to pump blood to the lungs which are relatively close to the heart | back 37 Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle? |
front 38 Interventricular septum | back 38 a thick wall that seperates the right & left ventricles |
front 39 Murmur | back 39 when valves close abnormally or there is a structural heart defect, blood can produce a gurgling or swishing sound |
front 40 tricuspid valve | back 40 between the right atrium & right ventricle |
front 41 pulmonary semilunar valve | back 41 between the right ventricle & pulmonary artery |
front 42 bicuspid valve | back 42 between left atrium and left ventricle |
front 43 aortic semilunar valve | back 43 between the left ventricle and the aorta |
front 44 "Lubb" | back 44 sound heard when AV valves close |
front 45 "Dubb" | back 45 sound heard when semilunar valves close |
front 46 Arteries | back 46 carry blood away from the heart
|
front 47 Veins | back 47 carry blood to the heart
|
front 48 Aorta | back 48 largest artery in the body |
front 49 Superior & inferior vena cava | back 49 largest veins in the body |
front 50 Low-density lipoproteins | back 50 bad or lousy cholesterol that can cause arterial plaques leading to atherosclerosis |
front 51 High-density lipoproteins | back 51 good or heavenly cholesterol that does not cause circulatory problems |
front 52 EKG or electrocardiography | back 52 voltmeter; reads the electrical activity of the heart to see if it is generated & conducting correctly |
front 53 Lead | back 53 a record (tracing) of electrical activity between 2 electrodes; allow viewing of the hearts electrical activity in different planes |
front 54 Baseline | back 54 if electrical activity is not detected, a straight line is recorded |
front 55 Waveform | back 55 movement away from baseline in the positive (upward) or negative (downward) direction |
front 56 PR Interval | back 56 indicates AV conduction time |
front 57 ST segment | back 57 indicates early ventricular repolarization |
front 58 QRS Complex | back 58 indicates ventricular depolarization (contraction of ventricles) |
front 59 QT Interval | back 59 represents ventricular depolarization & repolarization |
front 60 T wave | back 60 indicates ventricular repolarization |
front 61 P wave | back 61 indicates atrial depolarization (contraction of atrium) |
front 62 Sinus tachycardia | back 62 HR = 101-160 bpm
|
front 63 Sinus Bradycardia | back 63 HR = 40-59 bpm
|
front 64 Ventricular Fibrillation | back 64 HR = unattainable
|
front 65 base of the aorta | back 65 Where do the coronaries begin? |
front 66 right atrium | back 66 where do the coronary veins dump deoxygenated blood into? |
front 67 to carry oxygenated blood to the heart to provide it with oxygen & nutrients | back 67 what is the function of coronary vessels? |
front 68 it receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus | back 68 What type of blood (deoxygenated or oxygenated) does the right atrium receive and from which 3 vessels? |
front 69 it receives oxygenated blood from the left & right pulmonary veins | back 69 What type of blood (deoxygenated or oxygenated) does the left atrium receive and from what vessels? |
front 70 oxygenated | back 70 the aorta transports what type of blood? |
front 71 deoxygenated | back 71 the pulmonary trunk transports what type of blood? |
front 72 the aorta has more elasticity because it has to be able to withstand the large amounts of blood and pressure coming from the left ventricle | back 72 which vessel (aorta or pulmonary trunk) has more elasticity & why? |
front 73 the AV valves consist of a bicuspid & a tricuspid valve which are held to the ventricular walls by the chordae tendinae; the semilunar valves are composed of 3 cusp valves & these are opened and closed based on pressure | back 73 list 2 major differences in structure when comparing AV valves & semilunar valves |
front 74 to reduce friction during heart activity so the heart can beat in a relatively frictionless environment | back 74 what is the function of the fluid that fills the pericardial sac? |
front 75 to enforce a one-way flow of blood through the heart chambers & prevent back flow into the atria when ventricles are contracting | back 75 what is the function of the valves found in the heart? |
front 76 anchor the cusps of the valves to the ventricular walls | back 76 what is the role of the chordae tendineae ? |
front 77 systematic circulation | back 77 if the mitral valve does not close properly, which circulation is affected? |
front 78 because that would cut off the functional blood supply to that nourishes the heart | back 78 why might a thrombus in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery cause sudden death? |
front 79 skeletal muscle has long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with obvious striations, wheres as cardiac muscle has cells that branch, are striated with 1 nucleus & come together at intercalated discs | back 79 how would you distinguish the structure of cardiac muscle from that of skeletal muscle? |
front 80 intercalated discs allow for electrical connections between cells & it holds myocytes together so they do not pull apart when the heart contracts.
| back 80 what are the unique anatomical features or cardiac muscle & what are their functions? |
front 81 SA node => AV node => Bundle of His => bundle branches => purkinje fibers | back 81 list the elements of the intrinsic conducting system in order, starting at the SA node |
front 82 AV node; because it allows the atria to contract completely, ejecting all of their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles begin to contract | back 82 what structure in the transmission sequence is the impulse temporarily delayed? Why? |
front 83 to act as the pacemaker. the SA node provides the stimulus for the contraction since its discharge has the highest rate (under normal circumstances the SA node will set the heart rate) | back 83 even though cardiac muscle has an inherent ability to beat, the nodal system play a critical role. What is it? |
front 84 because our heart is in a greater demand when our body is under that kind of strain. the heart must beat faster & harder in order to deliver a larger amount of blood to the organs and muscles that are being used while running | back 84 why does the heart rate increase during running? |
front 85 ventricular fibrillation; because blood passes from the atria into the ventricles with the help of gravity only a little remaining blood is needed to be pumped, whereas the ventricles are fighting against gravity so if the pump is fibrillating the body is not getting the blood it needs = fatal | back 85 which would be more serious, atrial or ventricular fibrillation? why? |
front 86 stroke | back 86 insufficient supply of blood to the brain region or damage to the vasculature in a particular area of the brain which causes bleeding into the nervous tissue |
front 87 cerebral hemorrhage | back 87 occurs when a vessel bursts causing bleeding in a region of the cerebral cortex |
front 88 embolic stroke | back 88 when small clots that formed in other parts of the body occlude cerebral arteries & cut off blood supply to the cerebral cortex |
front 89 ischemic stroke | back 89 narrowing or blockage of vasculature that results in oxygen deprivation to a specific part of the cerebral cortex. |
front 90 brachiocephalic artery | back 90 first to branch off the aortic arch |
front 91 celiac artery | back 91 supplies the stomach & spleen |
front 92 superior mesenteric artery | back 92 supplies the small intestine |
front 93 inferior mesenteric artery | back 93 supplies large intestine |
front 94 hepatic portal vein | back 94 superior mesenteric vein & splenic vein join to form? |
front 95 pelvic organs | back 95 internal iliac arteries carry blood where? |
front 96 legs | back 96 external iliac arteries carry blood where? |
front 97 brachiocephalic vein | back 97 jugular & subclavian veins join together to form what? |
front 98 superior vena cava | back 98 right & left brachiocephalic veins join together to form what? |
front 99 azygos vein | back 99 comes along the vertebral column & is an alternate pathway for the blood to get from the lower part of the body to the heart |
front 100 artery: tunica media thick, tunica externa thin, open & circular lumen
| back 100 structural difference between arteries & veins |
front 101 valves are present in veins because blood flowing back from the heart is often against gravity, thus the valves ensure venous return equals cardiac output by preventing back flow | back 101 why are valves present in vein but not arteries? |
front 102 skeletal muscle pumps to "milk" blood & pressure changes that occur in the thorax during breathing | back 102 name 2 events occurring within the body that aid in venous return |
front 103 arteries are closer to the pumping action of the heart & must be able to expand as an increased volume of blood is pumped into them during systole & recoil passively as blood flows off into circulation during diastole. the walls have to be sufficiently strong to withstand the pressure fluctuations | back 103 why are the walls of the arteries proportionately thicker than those of the corresponding veins? |
front 104 it is a protective device that provides alternate pathways for blood to reach brain tissue in case of arterial occlusion or impaired blood flow in the system | back 104 what is the function of the circle of Willis? |
front 105 the arteries in the pulmonary circulation are similar to the structure of the systemic veins (tunica media thin & tunica externa thick). this allows the pulmonary arteries to create a low pressure bed in the lungs to permit gas exchange | back 105 how do the arteries of the pulmonary circulation differ structurally from systemic arteries? what condition is indicated by this anatomical difference? |
front 106 digestive viscera, spleen, & pancreas | back 106 what is the source of blood in the hepatic portal system? |
front 107 to ensure that the proper sugar, fatty acid, and amino acid concentrations are in the blood | back 107 why is blood carried to the liver before it enters the systemic circulation? |
front 108 placenta | back 108 what organ serves as a respiratory/digestive/excretory organ for the fetus? |
front 109 carotid | back 109 which pulse point has the greatest amplitude? |
front 110 dorsalis pedis | back 110 which pulse point has the least amplitude? |
front 111 alternate contraction & relaxation of the myocardium and opening & closing of valves | back 111 what 2 factors promote the movement of blood through the heart? |
front 112 alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction & relaxation of the left ventricle | back 112 pulse |
front 113 radial artery | back 113 artery palpated at the wrist |
front 114 superficial temporal artery | back 114 artery palpated at the front of the ear |
front 115 dorsalis pedis artery | back 115 artery palpated at the dorsum of the foot |
front 116 common carotid artery | back 116 artery palpated at the side of the neck |
front 117 femoral artery | back 117 what pressure point would you compress to help stop bleeding in the thigh? |
front 118 brachial artery | back 118 what pressure point would you compress to help stop bleeding in the forearm? |
front 119 popliteal artery | back 119 what pressure point would you compress to help stop bleeding in the calf? |
front 120 radial artery | back 120 what pressure point would you compress to help stop bleeding in the thumb? |
front 121 arterial bleeding would be bright red & spurting whereas, venous bleeding would be dark red & oozing | back 121 how could you tell by simple observation whether bleeding is arterial or venous? |
front 122 sphygmomanometer | back 122 what is the name of the instrument used to compress the artery & record pressure in the ausculatory method of determining blood pressure? |
front 123 venous pressure is much lower than arterial pressure; because the veins are further removed from the pumping action of the heart | back 123 how do venous pressures compare to arterial pressures? why? |
front 124 decrease blood pressure | back 124 what is the effect on blood pressure: increased diameter of the arterioles |
front 125 increased blood pressure | back 125 what is the effect on blood pressure: increased blood viscosity |
front 126 increase blood pressure | back 126 what is the effect on blood pressure: increased cardiac output |
front 127 decreased blood pressure | back 127 what is the effect on blood pressure: hemorrhage |
front 128 increased blood pressure | back 128 what is the effect on blood pressure: arteriosclerosis |
front 129 increased blood pressure | back 129 what is the effect on blood pressure: increased pulse rate |
front 130 increased blood pressure | back 130 what is the effect on blood pressure: cold temp |
front 131 decreased blood pressure; because it would cause your vessels to dilate (vasodilation) | back 131 what is the effect on blood pressure: heat? Why? |