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Chapter 1 -- Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

front 1 Upper airway	back 1 - Leads inspired air to the lower airway - Different from the lungs - Leads to the lungs
front 2 Structures of the upper airway	back 2 - Nose - Oral cavity - Pharynx - Larynx
front 3 Nose	back 3 Function is to filter, humidify, and condition inspired air.
front 4 Nasal flaring	back 4 Widening of the nostrils during periods of respiratory difficulty.

front 5 Alar collapse	back 5 Opposite of nasal flaring; important sign of nasal obstruction.
front 6 Vibrassae	back 6 Hair follicles located in the vestibule (where filtering begins).
front 7 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium	back 7 Lines the posterior two-thirds of the nasal cavity and the tracheobronchial tree.
front 8 Three bony protrusions	back 8 1. Superior conchae 2. Middle conchae 3. Inferior conchae

front 9 Conchae/turbinates	back 9 Separate inspired gas into several different airstreams -- this action increases the contact area between the inspired air and the warm, moist surface of the nasal mucosa.
front 10 Tongue	back 10 Most common cause of airway obstruction in the unconscious person. Functions: - Speech - Holds the food and continuously repositions it between the teeth - Mixes the food with saliva, form a bolus, and then initiates swallowing by moving posteriorly into the pharynx
front 11 Roof of the mouth	back 11 Formed by the hard and soft palate.
front 12 Uvula	back 12 Keeps food/liquid from going into the respiratory tract. - Large uvula can cause obstructive sleep apnea

front 13 Tonsils	back 13 A large mass of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue that protect against bacteria and other harmful substances Three types: - Palatine tonsils - Lingual tonsils - Pharyngeal tonsils
front 14 Palatine tonsils	back 14 Lymphoid tissues located between the palatine arches on either side of the oral cavity.
front 15 Lingual tonsils	back 15 Loosely associated collection of lymphatic nodules located on the posterior, base of the tongue.
front 16 Pharyngeal tonsils	back 16 Located in the posterior nasopharynx.

front 17 Pharyngotympanic tubes/eustachian tubes	back 17 Run downward to connect the middle ears to the nasopharynx and serve to equalize the pressure in the middle ear.
front 18 Otitis media	back 18 Ear infection.
front 19 Oropharynx	back 19 Lies between the soft palate superiorly and the base of the tongue inferiorly.
front 20 Laryngopharynx	back 20 Lies between the base of the tongue and the entrance of the esophagus.

front 21 Nasopharynx	back 21 Located between the posterior portion of the nasal cavity and the superior portion of the soft palate.
front 22 Pharyngeal (gag) reflex	back 22 Muscles and nerves that produce a stimulation to prevent the aspiration of foods and liquids as well as to prevent the base of the tongue from falling back and obstructing the laryngopharynx.
front 23 Larynx (voice box)	back 23 Three functions: 1. Acts as a passageway of air between the pharynx and the trachea. 2. Serves as a protective mechanism against the aspiration of solids and liquids. 3. Generates sounds for speech.
front 24 Larynx area	back 24 Cartilage, vocal cords, and epiglottis.

front 25 Cartilage	back 25 Rigid structures that protect the airway.
front 26 Vocal cords	back 26 - True vocal cords (upper) - False vocal cords (lower)
front 27 Epiglottis	back 27 Closes to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea by diverting food and liquid to esophagus.
front 28 Glottis	back 28 - Space between the vocal cords - Entrance to the lower airway