front 1 The study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of injury, disorder, or disease. | back 1 Pathophysiology |
front 2 The study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease. | back 2 Pathology |
front 3 The mechanisms of human body functioning. | back 3 Physiology |
front 4 How the human body is put together, including the component parts operate together. | back 4 Structure |
front 5 Concerned with how these component parts operate together. | back 5 Function |
front 6 The functional impairment of cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems. | back 6 Disease |
front 7 A specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern. | back 7 Syndrome |
front 8 The disease beginning. | back 8 Pathogenesis |
front 9 Vulnerabilities | back 9 Risk factors |
front 10 Precise cause of disease. | back 10 Etiology |
front 11 Disease-causing microorganism | back 11 Pathogen |
front 12 Having more than one genetic and/or environmental causing events | back 12 Multifactorial |
front 13 When a disease has no known etiology | back 13 Idiopathic |
front 14 The result of exposure to infection in the health care environment | back 14 Nosocomial disease |
front 15 Diseases that are the inadvertent result of medical treatment. | back 15 Iatrogenic disease |
front 16 The presenting signs and symptoms of the disease | back 16 Clinical manifestations |
front 17 Indicators that are reported by the ill individual and are considered the "subjective" manifestations. | back 17 Symptoms |
front 18 Triggers | back 18 Precipitating factors |
front 19 The manifestations that are found directly at the site of disease and are confined to that specific area | back 19 Local manifestation |
front 20 Manifestations that present throughout the body and are not confined to one area | back 20 Systemic manifestations |
front 21 Manifestations or diseases that begin abruptly and last a few days to a few months. | back 21 Acute manifestations |
front 22 Diseases that generally last longer than 6 months and are insidious in onset | back 22 Chronic diseases |
front 23 Gradual | back 23 Insidious |
front 24 Symptom-free periods | back 24 Remissions |
front 25 Flaring of symptoms | back 25 Exacerbations |
front 26 A term used to describe diseases that fall somewhere between acute and chronic in duration and severity. | back 26 Subacute |
front 27 The person does not have any noticeable symptoms even though diagnostic tests may indicate that the disease is present | back 27 Asymptomatic |
front 28 Label for the disease | back 28 Diagnosis |
front 29 The human response to illness, such as altered fluid balance and ineffective airway clearance | back 29 Nursing diagnoses |
front 30 The forecast or prediction of how the individual will proceed through the disease process. | back 30 Prognosis |
front 31 A negative outcome with disease complications that impact the quality of life | back 31 Morbidity |
front 32 Death | back 32 Mortality |
front 33 The perceived wholeness of body, mind, and spirit | back 33 Health |
front 34 A state that results in suffering or distress | back 34 Illness |
front 35 A dynamic balance in the body marked by the appropriate and effective response to stimuli, thereby keeping the body in a steady state. | back 35 Homeostasis |
front 36 The study of disease in populations | back 36 Epidemiology |
front 37 The rate of occurrence of a disease at any given time | back 37 Incidence |
front 38 When the incidence and prevalence of a disease are predictable and stable | back 38 Endemic |
front 39 A dramatic increase in disease incidence in a population | back 39 Epidemic |
front 40 When an epidemic spreads across continents | back 40 Pandemic |
front 41 Prohibits a disease condition from occurring | back 41 Primary prevention |
front 42 The early detection and treatment of disease through screening | back 42 Secondary prevention |
front 43 Rehabilitation of a patient after detection of disease. | back 43 Tertiary prevention |
front 44 A general idea that can be applied to similar situations | back 44 Concept |
front 45 The third line of defense | back 45 Immune response |
front 46 Defined in the broadest sense to include any form of damage or alteration to cells or tissues | back 46 Injury |
front 47 To increase blood flow to the site of an injury | back 47 Vascular response |
front 48 To alert the products of healing to attend to the site of injury | back 48 Cellular response |
front 49 Widen | back 49 dilate |
front 50 Loosens | back 50 Permeable |
front 51 Form a tight junction within the inner lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart | back 51 Endothelial cells |
front 52 The outer membrane of the vessels, which separates the vessel from the tissues of the body | back 52 Basement membrane |
front 53 The process of engulfing and removing harmful agents | back 53 Phagocytosis |
front 54 Watery fluid | back 54 Exudate |
front 55 Facilitate the process of widening and loosening of the blood. | back 55 Inflammatory mediators |
front 56 Leukocytes that are housed throughout the connective tissues of the body and near all blood vessels | back 56 Mast cell |
front 57 When the mast cell breaks apart and releases inflammatory mediators in the form of extracellular granules (grain-like particles) | back 57 Degranulation |
front 58 A white blood cell that also contains granules | back 58 Basophil |
front 59 More than a hundred distinct cell proteins most often found within white blood cells that have a vital role in regulating inflammation | back 59 Cytokines |
front 60 A complex lipid stored in cell membranes, including those of endothelial cells that line blood vessels and in many other types of cells that can become injured | back 60 Platelet-activating factor |
front 61 A substance, derived from the plasma membrane of an injured cell, which generates various inflammatory mediators through a complex chemical conversion | back 61 Arachidonic acid |
front 62 A self-attack against body tissues | back 62 Autoimmunity |
front 63 A process of moving certain cells to the site of injury | back 63 Chemotaxis |
front 64 Specific inflammatory mediators | back 64 Chemotactic factors |
front 65 Attraction and binding | back 65 Cellular adherence |
front 66 In this process, cells can move between and through endothelial junctions | back 66 Diapedesis |
front 67 The local manifestations of acute inflammation | back 67 Cardinal signs |
front 68 Redness | back 68 Erythema |
front 69 Enlargement and inflammation of the nearby lymph nodes | back 69 Lymphadenitis |
front 70 An elevation in white blood cells | back 70 Leukocytosis |
front 71 A protective clot and subsequent scab | back 71 Thrombus |
front 72 The layers of architectural structures that support the cells | back 72 Extracellular matrix (ECM) |
front 73 The movement of epithelial cells to form a covering over the wound | back 73 Re-epithelialization |
front 74 Tissues made up of cells with a specific function | back 74 Parenchymal tissues |
front 75 Important cells that produce and replace the connective tissue layer | back 75 Fibroblasts |
front 76 Helps to fill in the gaps left after the removal of damaged tissues | back 76 Collagen |
front 77 Allows stretching and recoil of tissue | back 77 Elastin |
front 78 Regulate cell movement across the matrix, provide a place for the attachment of the cells to the matrix, and prompt the cells to function | back 78 Glycoproteins |
front 79 A temporary matrix that promotes healing by decreasing blood and fluid loss at the site and attracting and supporting fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epidermal cells. | back 79 Provisional matrix |
front 80 Connective tissue characterized by extensive macrophages and fibroblasts | back 80 Granulation tissue |
front 81 The generation of new blood vessels | back 81 Angiogenesis |
front 82 Healing in response to mild injury with minimal disruption to cells | back 82 Resolution |
front 83 Can occur only in those cells that undergo mitotic division; accomplished through proliferation, differentiation, or diapedesis | back 83 Regeneration |
front 84 Growth and reproduction | back 84 Proliferation |
front 85 Cells mature and become more specialized | back 85 Differentiation |
front 86 Migration of nearby cells | back 86 Diapedesis |
front 87 Cells that constantly regenerate through mitosis, particularly epithelial cells of the skin, GI tract, and urinary tract, and blood cells in the bone marrow | back 87 Labile cells |
front 88 Cells that stop regenerating when growth is complete but can resume regeneration if injured | back 88 Stable cells |
front 89 Occurs in extensive wounds and when regeneration is not possible | back 89 Replacement through the production of scar tissue |
front 90 Cells that do not undergo mitosis and are unable to regenerate | back 90 Permanent cells |
front 91 When the wound is basically closed with all areas of the wound connecting and healing simultaneously. | back 91 Primary intention |
front 92 When wounds heal from the bottom up; process is much slower and more involved than the primary intention process | back 92 Secondary intention |
front 93 Passage of oxygenated blood | back 93 Perfusion |
front 94 Circumscribed, open, craterlike lesion of the skin or mucous membranes | back 94 Ulcers |
front 95 A problem of deficient scar formation, in which the wound splits or bursts open, often at a suture line | back 95 Wound dehiscence |
front 96 Hypertrophic scars that result from excessive collagen production at the site of injury | back 96 Keloids |
front 97 Fibrous connections between serous cavities and nearby tissues, which do not allow the surrounding tissues to move freely | back 97 Adhesions |
front 98 Enzymes that destroy elastin and other tissue components | back 98 Proteinases |
front 99 Nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances | back 99 Granulomas |
front 100 Phagocytes that can engulf particles much larger than the typical macrophage | back 100 Giant cells |
front 101 Gather and contain smaller substances by forming a wall, or fibrotic granuloma, around the affected area | back 101 Epithelioid cells |
front 102 First-degree burns | back 102 Superficial partial-thickness burns |
front 103 Second-degree burns | back 103 Deep partial-thickness burns |
front 104 Third-degree burns | back 104 Full-thickness burns |
front 105 Areas of thick, shortened, and rigid tissue | back 105 Contractures |
front 106 A state of inadequate perfusion to peripheral tissues | back 106 Shock |
front 107 A bacterial infection of the blood, and septic shock | back 107 Sepsis |
front 108 A thick, coagulated crust | back 108 Eschar |
front 109 A clear fluid that seeps out of the tissue | back 109 Serous exudate |
front 110 A process of mechanically removing debris, including necrotic tissue, from the wound | back 110 Debridement |
front 111 A generic term for degeneration or inflammation of the joints and refers to a group of diseases of varying pathogenesis | back 111 Arthritis |
front 112 Granulation tissue that forms over the inflamed synovium and cartilage as a result of accelerated angiogenesis | back 112 Pannus |
front 113 A condition where fibrosis impairs joint mobility and can result in a debilitating fixation of the joint | back 113 Ankylosis |
front 114 Inflammation of the lining of the stomach, or gastric mucosa, thereby impairing gastric function. | back 114 Gastritis |
front 115 A vague epigastric discomfort associated with nausea and heartburn | back 115 Dyspepsia |
front 116 An abnormal track or passage that forms between two segments of bowel or other epithelial tissue | back 116 Fistula |
front 117 Hidden | back 117 Occult |
front 118 A state where tissue readily bleeds | back 118 Friability |
front 119 The process by which the body recognizes foreign substances and neutralizes them to prevent damage | back 119 Immunity |
front 120 The study of the structure and function of the immune system as well as the phenomena of immunity, induced sensitivity, and allergy | back 120 Immunology |
front 121 A substance that induces a state of sensitivity or an immune response | back 121 Antigen |
front 122 One of the two precursor cell types that include natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes | back 122 Lymphoid progenitor cells |
front 123 One of the two precursor cell types that produce other types of cells through the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor which include monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and mast cells | back 123 Myeloid progenitor cells |
front 124 Cells that mature and fully differentiate in the thymus | back 124 T lymphocytes |
front 125 A type of T lymphocyte that directs destruction of antigen carrying cells | back 125 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
front 126 A type of T lymphocyte that enhances humoral and cell-mediated responses of the immune system | back 126 Helper T lymphocytes |
front 127 A type of T lymphocyte that inhibits humoral and cell-mediated responses | back 127 Suppressor T lymphocytes |
front 128 A unique receptor that is able to bind to antigens, promoting a specific immune response | back 128 T-cell receptor (TCR) |
front 129 Lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells in the bone marrow; produce and secrete antibodies after contact with an antigen | back 129 B lymphocytes |
front 130 Receptor bound to the cell membrane of the B cell; association with antigen activates plasma cells to produce and secrete antibodies | back 130 B-cell receptor |
front 131 A group of structurally related proteins important in immune function; composed of a variable region promoting antigen specificity and a constant region; classifications include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE | back 131 Immunoglobulin |
front 132 Large, granular lymphocytes; non-specific cytotoxic cells | back 132 Natural killer cells |
front 133 Phagocytic cells named for the cytoplasmic granules common to all types; polymorphonuclear leukocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils | back 133 Granulocytes |
front 134 Granulocyte present in the greatest number; most important in the rapid response to bacterial infection; phagocytic; the first responders in the inflammatory response | back 134 Neutrophils |
front 135 Granulocyte with greatest protection against parasites | back 135 Eosinophils |
front 136 Granulocyte that complements the actions of mast cells; important in establishing allergic reactions | back 136 Basophils |
front 137 Large, mononuclear leukocytes representing 3% to 7% of the total number of circulating leukocytes associated with a prolonged inflammatory response | back 137 Monocytes |
front 138 Large, long-lived phagocytic leukocyte found within body tissues associated with a prolonged inflammatory response | back 138 Macrophages |
front 139 Process and display of antigens to T lymphocytes; take up antigens when they are encountered in the circulation | back 139 Dendritic cells |
front 140 Immature dendritic cells in the skin; carry surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement, important in the immune response | back 140 Langerhans' cells |
front 141 Sites for maintenance of the lymphocytes; are the organs in which immune responses are often initiated; organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid mucosal tissue, such as tonsils and the appendix | back 141 Peripheral organs |
front 142 Circulates lymphocytes in lymph fluid; work in concert with the blood vessels to promote an effective immune response | back 142 Lymphatic system |
front 143 Filtration product of extracellular fluid from tissues | back 143 Lymph fluid |
front 144 Joined segment of lymphatic vessels | back 144 Lymph nodes |
front 145 Lymphocytes that have not yet encountered an antigen | back 145 Naive lymphocytes |
front 146 Responsible for early, rapid response to pathogens without prior exposure | back 146 Innate immunity |
front 147 Cell-mediated and humoral immunity; specific immune response occurring during a lifetime | back 147 Adaptive immunity |
front 148 Cells that process and present antigen for recognition by immune cells | back 148 Antigen-presenting cells |
front 149 Particles that are not part of the individual | back 149 Nonself |
front 150 Adaptive immunity involving antibodies | back 150 Humoral immunity |
front 151 Immunoglobulins that react with an antigen in a specific way; produced by activated plasma cells | back 151 Antibodies |
front 152 Structure forming the base of the Y-shaped antibody; the most stable component | back 152 Constant region |
front 153 Structure of antibody that allows binding to specific antigens | back 153 Variable regions |
front 154 Differentiated B cells capable of responding much more rapidly when re-exposed to the same antigen; dramatically shortening and intensifying the immunologic response | back 154 Memory cells |
front 155 Process by which memory cells respond much more rapidly when reexposed to the same antigen; dramatically shortens and intensifies the immunologic response | back 155 Immunologic memory |
front 156 The selection and activation of specific B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes by the binding of epitopes to B or T cell receptors with a corresponding fit | back 156 Clonal selection |
front 157 The proliferation of B and T lymphocytes activated by clonal selection to produce a clone of identical cells; enables the body to have sufficient numbers of antigen-specific lymphocytes to mount an effective immune response | back 157 Clonal expansion |
front 158 Making ineffective any action, process, or potential | back 158 Neutralization |
front 159 A process of rendering bacteria vulnerable to phagocytosis | back 159 Opsonization |
front 160 A component of adaptive immunity; cytotoxic T cell-mediated destruction of pathogen and infected host cell | back 160 Cell-mediated immunity |
front 161 Determine specific functions and responses of T-cell subtypes | back 161 Clusters of differentiation (CD) |
front 162 Subtype of cytotoxic T lymphocyte that expresses the molecule CD8 on its cell surface | back 162 CD8 T lymphocytes |
front 163 Subtype of helper T lymphocyte that expresses the molecule CD4 on its cell surface | back 163 CD4 T lymphocytes |
front 164 1 class of CD4 helper T lymphocytes; activate macrophages, secrete chemokines and cytokines to attract macrophages; promote fusion of lysosomes with vesicles containing bacteria; and stimulate phagocytosis | back 164 Th1 cells |
front 165 2 class of CD4 helper T lymphocytes; activate B cells to produce antibodies | back 165 TH2 cells |
front 166 The major histocompatibility complex proteins in humans; HLA genes encode antigen specificity; important in transplant rejection | back 166 Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) |
front 167 Alteration of pathogen protein particles to evade recognition and stimulation of memory in the immune system | back 167 Antigenic variation |
front 168 A period of dormancy | back 168 Latency |
front 169 Condition resulting from an inadequate immune defense; may be primary (directly caused by an alteration in immunity) or secondary (a consequence of another disease process) | back 169 Immunodeficiency |
front 170 Protein promoting altered reactivity responses by the immune system | back 170 Allergens |
front 171 Describes individuals having a genetic predisposition to developing hypersensitivities | back 171 Atopic |
front 172 Extreme manifestation to foreign protein or other substance | back 172 Anaphylaxis |
front 173 Complex-mediated immune response in the skin resulting in an area of localized tissue necrosis | back 173 Arthus reaction |
front 174 Reaction after allergen contact that is slow in onset and peaks after 36 to 48 hours; associated with a type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction | back 174 Delayed hypersensitivity reactions |
front 175 Initial phase of delayed hypersensitivity reaction; stimulated by entry of antigen via the skin and presentation of antigen by Langerhans cells, stimulating immune responses | back 175 Sensitization phase |
front 176 Second phase of delayed hypersensitivity reaction; memory cells in the dermis are stimulated after presentation with antigen by Langerhans cells, prompting activation of memory T cells and stimulation of cell-mediated responses | back 176 Elicitation phase |
front 177 Immune responses directed at an individual's own tissues | back 177 Autoimmune |
front 178 The process of converting lymphocytes from nonresponsive to self-reactive | back 178 Lymphocyte ignorance |
front 179 Close resemblance between foreign antigen and self-antigen | back 179 Molecular mimicry |
front 180 Propagation of a condition among family members | back 180 Familial tendency |
front 181 Suppress autoreactive lymphocytes and regulate the immune response; also known as suppressor T cells | back 181 Regulatory T cells |
front 182 Describes something that occurs in more than one form | back 182 Polymorphic |
front 183 Containing several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes; interaction of several genes influenced by environmental factors | back 183 Polygenic |
front 184 Grafts from different sites on the same person | back 184 Autograft |
front 185 Graft from genetically identical individuals | back 185 Syngeneic |
front 186 Graft between unrelated individuals | back 186 Allograft |
front 187 Proteins that vary between individuals | back 187 Alloantigens |
front 188 Antibodies produced against alloantigens | back 188 Alloantibodies |
front 189 Rapid rejection of grafts | back 189 Hyperacute graft rejection |
front 190 The most common form of tissue transplant; infusion of donor blood into recipient | back 190 Blood transfusion |
front 191 The process by which the recipient's blood type is determined | back 191 Blood typing |
front 192 A condition in which transplanted donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the host | back 192 Graft versus host disease (GVHD) |
front 193 A major glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that regulates metabolism, inflammatory/immune responses, and the stress response | back 193 Cortisol |
front 194 Transfer of the genetic code from one type of ribonucleic acid to another; based on the nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA template | back 194 Transcription |
front 195 Blood levels of substances much higher than would normally be expected | back 195 Supraphysiologic |
front 196 Weakened; reduced ability to cause disease | back 196 Attenuated |
front 197 Antigens that promote activation of more than one cell type | back 197 Conjugated vaccines |
front 198 Enveloped retrovirus that infects CD4 T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages; virus associated with the secondary immunodeficiency, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs) | back 198 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) |
front 199 Development of antibodies to a particular antigen | back 199 Seroconversion |
front 200 Swelling or enlargement of the lymph nodes | back 200 Lymphadenopathy |
front 201 Contraction of the smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs, decreasing airway size | back 201 Bronchospasm |
front 202 Sensation of itching | back 202 Urticaria |
front 203 Sudden subcutaneous edema | back 203 Angioedema |
front 204 Dormancy; temporary resting | back 204 Quiescence |
front 205 Rash over cheeks; characteristic manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | back 205 Malar |
front 206 Red, raised, round rash | back 206 Discoid |
front 207 Skin sensitivity to the sun resulting in rash | back 207 Photosensitivity |
front 208 Circumscribed, open, craterlike lesion of the skin or mucous membranes | back 208 Ulcers |
front 209 Inflammation of the lining of the lungs or pleural cavity | back 209 Pleuritis |
front 210 Inflammation of the lining of the heart | back 210 Pericarditis |
front 211 Protein in the urine | back 211 Proteinuria |
front 212 Compacted collection of protein, cells, and debris that are formed in kidney tubules | back 212 Cellular casts |
front 213 Abnormally low number of platelets | back 213 Thrombocytopenia |
front 214 Destruction of blood cells | back 214 Hemolytic |
front 215 Insertion of a needle into the uterine cavity to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid | back 215 Amniocentesis |
front 216 Microorganisms that live on or within the body in nonsterile areas without causing harm | back 216 Resident flora |
front 217 A disease-causing organism, such as a virus | back 217 Pathogen |
front 218 Ability of a pathogen to produce an infectious disease; involving multiple factors, including the pathogen's potency, invasiveness, ability to evade the immune system, speed of replication, production of toxins, adherence to the human host cell, and the degree of tissue damage that is elicited | back 218 Pathogenicity |
front 219 The potency of a pathogen indicated by the ratio of the number of cases of disease in a population compared with the number of people exposed to the microorganism | back 219 Virulence |
front 220 The proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individual based on the pathogens' ability to enter, survive in, and multiply in the host | back 220 Infectivity |
front 221 The ability of a pathogen to produce harmful toxins that increase host cell and tissue damage | back 221 Toxigenicity |
front 222 The level to which a pathogen is viewed by the host immune system as foreign | back 222 Antigenicity |
front 223 A process of eluding the human host defenses; often a result of altering the antigens present within or on the surface of the microorganism | back 223 Antigenic variability |
front 224 The ways in which many pathogens have developed ways to avoid destruction by the host, such as through thick protective capsules, which prevent phagocytosis | back 224 Pathogenic defense mechanisms |
front 225 A phenomenon of hosting two or more pathogens simultaneously | back 225 Coinfection |
front 226 When a new infection arises in addition to one that is already present | back 226 Superinfection |
front 227 Parasites that require the host for metabolism and reproduction | back 227 Obligate parasites |
front 228 Microorganisms that may live on the host but can also survive independently | back 228 Facultative parasites |
front 229 Single-celled microorganisms that can reproduce outside of host cells | back 229 Bacteria |
front 230 Microorganisms that require oxygen for growth | back 230 Aerobic |
front 231 Bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth | back 231 Anaerobic |
front 232 The cytoplasm of bacteria that contains extensive ribosomes, proteins, and carbohydrates, but does not contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or other membraneous components | back 232 Cytosol |
front 233 A complex of phospholipid-polysaccharide molecules that form the structural component of the gram-negative cell wall and causes inflammatory mediators to be released, leading to a massive inflammatory response | back 233 Endotoxin |
front 234 Pathogens that induce fever | back 234 Pyogenic |
front 235 Potent substances produced by many bacteria, which result in host cell dysfunction or lysis | back 235 Exotoxins |
front 236 Obligate intracellular parasites | back 236 Viruses |
front 237 Particles released by cells infected by viruses, which can enter and infect other nearby cells | back 237 Virions |
front 238 A period of dormancy | back 238 Latency |
front 239 Unicellular forms of fungi that reproduce by budding | back 239 Yeasts |
front 240 A multicellular form of fungus | back 240 Molds |
front 241 Elongated chains formed by yeast through budding | back 241 Pseudohyphae |
front 242 Tubular branches formed by mold colonies | back 242 Hyphae |
front 243 A cluster of hyphae formed from mold colonies | back 243 Mycelium |
front 244 Infections with fungi as the pathogen | back 244 Mycoses |
front 245 Those that cause disease only in a host with a compromised immune system | back 245 Opportunistic pathogens |
front 246 The softening and breaking down of tissue | back 246 Maceration |
front 247 A vehicle that harbors a pathogen and carries it to a host | back 247 Vector |
front 248 Diseases that are spread from person to person, often through contact with infected blood and body fluids | back 248 Communicable diseases |
front 249 A device that uses steam heat at high pressures to sterilize objects | back 249 Autoclave |
front 250 A standard of health care that recognizes all blood and body fluid as potentially infected | back 250 Universal precautions |
front 251 The individual who is exposed to and contracts an infection | back 251 Host |
front 252 A problem of microorganisms gaining access to the blood and circulating throughout the body | back 252 Septicemia |
front 253 A state in which bacteria gain access to the blood | back 253 Bacteremia |
front 254 A condition of altered perfusion by shock as the result of overwhelming systemic infection, often with gram-negative bacteria leading to inadequate perfusion of vital organs | back 254 Septic shock |
front 255 Exudate that contains pus | back 255 Purulent |
front 256 A process of changing genetic composition during replication in the human host cell leading to viral offspring with altered antigenic properties | back 256 Reassortment |
front 257 A blood bypass through which deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas travel to the liver by way of the portal vein before moving on to the vena cava and heart | back 257 Portal circulation |
front 258 Phagocytes housed in the liver | back 258 Kupffer cells |
front 259 The yellow-tinged color of the skin and sclera of the eyes in those with liver disease | back 259 Jaundice |
front 260 The formation of new red blood cells | back 260 Erythropoiesis |
front 261 An end-stage liver disease marked by interference of blood flow to the liver and widespread hepatocyte damage | back 261 Cirrhosis |
front 262 The upward movement of an infection | back 262 Ascending |
front 263 Pain with urination | back 263 Dysuria |
front 264 The need to urinate immediately | back 264 Urgency |
front 265 Blood in the urine | back 265 Hematuria |
front 266 Purulent exudate (pus) in the urine | back 266 Pyuria |
front 267 Infection and subsequent inflammation of the kidneys | back 267 Pyelonephritis |
front 268 A condition in which the eyes are extremely sensitive to light | back 268 Photophobia |
front 269 A hyperextended stiff neck related to meningeal irritation | back 269 Nuchal rigidity |
front 270 A test used to elicit meningeal pain; the patient is placed supine with knees bent and hips flexed, one knee is lifted upward, thereby eliciting pain | back 270 Kernig sign |
front 271 A test of meningeal irritation where the patient is supine and the neck is quickly flexed; this activity elicits pain along with involuntary flexion of the hips and knees | back 271 Brudzinski sign |
front 272 Passage of characteristics from parent to offspring | back 272 Heredity |
front 273 Type of nucleic acid containing a sugar (deoxyribose); usually found in the cell nucleus and mitochondria; responsible for the storage of genetic information; made up of four nitrogenous bases, including adenine (A) and guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) | back 273 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
front 274 Parent compound of the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) | back 274 Purines |
front 275 Parent compound of the nitrogenous bases cytosine (C) and thymine (T) | back 275 Pyrimidines |
front 276 Nitrogen base combinations; DNA base pairs including cytosine and guanine, and adenine and thymine | back 276 Base pairs |
front 277 Hereditary units containing information for the production of proteins | back 277 Genetic code |
front 278 Sequence of three forms of nitrogen bases forms; nucleotide triplet; fundamental triplet code necessary for protein synthesis; basic compounds produced are amino acids | back 278 Codon |
front 279 Nucleic acid that contains a sugar (ribose); responsible for the control of protein synthesis; made up of the four nitrogenous bases, including adenine (A) and guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U) | back 279 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
front 280 Template for protein synthesis; depends on a codon sequence based on that of the complementary strand of DNA (cDNA); cytoplasmic area where protein is made in amino acid sequences | back 280 Messenger RNA |
front 281 Different ways of assembling exons to produce a variety of mature mRNAs | back 281 Alternative splicing |
front 282 Segment of DNA coded for protein production | back 282 Exons |
front 283 Segment of DNA not involved in protein expression | back 283 Introns |
front 284 Involved in the production of proteins with specific amino acid arrangements through interaction with mRNA | back 284 Transfer RNA |
front 285 Form of RNA of ribosomes; associated with mRNA in the translation of the genetic code | back 285 Ribosomal RNA |
front 286 Process involved in the production of protein from amino acids | back 286 Translation |
front 287 Double-stranded DNA containing threadlike sections of genes that form an individual's genetic code; most commonly found in the cell nucleus; responsible for reproduction of physical and chemical structures; human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes: 22 paired autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes | back 287 Chromosomes |
front 288 Process of reproduction of nuclear chromosomes in somatic cells; reproductive phases include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; results in the creation of daughter cells with the same chromosome number and genetic makeup as the cell of origin | back 288 Mitosis |
front 289 Process of sex cell (gamete) division; cell division resulting in gametocytes containing half (haploid) the number of chromosomes found in a somatic cell | back 289 Meiosis |
front 290 Structure linking the chromosome pairs of the somatic cells of the body; divides the chromosome into two arms; constant position for each chromosome | back 290 Centromere |
front 291 The number of chromosomes a human body cell contains; 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46 | back 291 Diploid |
front 292 Chromosomes other than a sex chromosome; totals 44 chromosomes in each body cell | back 292 Autosomes |
front 293 Known as X and Y; the genetic determinants of the sex of an individual | back 293 Sex chromosomes |
front 294 Ova and sperm; contains only one of the chromosome pairs, known as the haploid number | back 294 Gametes |
front 295 Cells containing single chromosomes, rather than pairs; chromosome number totals 23 (22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome); characteristic of gametes | back 295 Haploid |
front 296 Transfer of the genetic code from one type of ribonucleic acid to another; based on the nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA template | back 296 Transcription |
front 297 Study of the human genome; includes the functions and interactions of all genes compromising an individual | back 297 Genomics |
front 298 Genetic makeup of an individual | back 298 Genotype |
front 299 Genetic traits that are apparent or observable | back 299 Phenotype |
front 300 A series of two or more different genes occupying the same location on a specific chromosome | back 300 Alleles |
front 301 Containing several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes; interaction of several genes influenced by environmental factors | back 301 Polygenic |
front 302 Change in genes or sequence of base pairs that make up the chromosomes; genetic alteration perpetuated in subsequent cellular divisions | back 302 Mutations |
front 303 A mutation occurring in body cells, rather than gametes; not transmittable to subsequent generations | back 303 Somatic mutation |
front 304 Occurring in more than one form | back 304 Polymorphism |
front 305 The evidence of the gene in the phenotype | back 305 Expressivity |
front 306 Ability of a gene to express a mutation; influences the effects of mutations | back 306 Penetrance |
front 307 Characteristics passed on by the transmission of a single gene | back 307 Single gene traits |
front 308 Identical alleles on each chromosome | back 308 Homozygous |
front 309 Different alleles on each chromosome | back 309 Heterozygous |
front 310 Predictable trait transmission based on autosomal dominant or recessive genotypes | back 310 Mendelian pattern |
front 311 An allele possessed by one of the parents of a hybrid that is expressed in the latter to the exclusion of a contrasting allele (the recessive) from the other parent | back 311 Dominant |
front 312 Trait caused by a particular allele that does not manifest itself in the presence of other alleles that generate traits dominant to it | back 312 Recessive |
front 313 Characteristics passed on by sex chromosomes; most often recessive traits; often linked to the X chromosome | back 313 Sex-linked |
front 314 Heterozygous for a recessive genetic mutation; able to transmit the genetic mutation to subsequent generations in the absence of a disease phenotype | back 314 Carriers |
front 315 Transmitted through female or maternal lines | back 315 Matrilineal |
front 316 Random distribution of genes leading to a variable distribution in tissues | back 316 Heteroplasmy |
front 317 Picture of arranged, paired, like chromosomes in order from largest to smallest | back 317 Karyotype |
front 318 Failure of chromosome separation during meiosis or mitosis; results in an unequal number of chromosomes | back 318 Nondisjunction |
front 319 Combination of cell lines with regular and altered numbers of chromosomes | back 319 Mosaicism |
front 320 One copy of a chromosome, in place of the normal pair; the result of nondisjuncture | back 320 Monosomy |
front 321 Presence of three copies of a chromosome in place of the normal pair; the result of nondisjuncture | back 321 Trisomy |
front 322 Exchange of a section of chromosome from one to another; often occurs during meiosis; able to be transferred to subsequent generations | back 322 Translocation |
front 323 Regulation of the expression of gene activity without alteration of genetic structure | back 323 Epigenetic |
front 324 An epigenetic phenomenon; mechanism that controls of all genes compromising an individual | back 324 Genomic imprinting |
front 325 Embryologic period of organ development | back 325 Organogenesis |
front 326 Substances causing damage to a developing embryo or fetus | back 326 Teratogens |
front 327 Condition resulting from exposure of a fetus to alcohol; characterized by mental handicap, growth deficit, and physical disability | back 327 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
front 328 Damage to a developing fetus | back 328 Congenital defects |
front 329 Identification of genetic abnormalities before implantation of the blastocyst in the maternal uterine lining, the decidua | back 329 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
front 330 Early embryo | back 330 Blastomere |
front 331 Abnormal chromosome number | back 331 Aneuploidy |
front 332 Difficulty in performing voluntary movements | back 332 Dyskinesia |
front 333 Single gene disorder resulting from a mutation of the sickle beta globin gene; characterized by sickled hemoglobin (HbS); autosomal recessive | back 333 Sickle cell anemia |
front 334 Adult form of hemoglobin | back 334 Hemoglobin A |
front 335 Sickled form of hemoglobin | back 335 Hemoglobin S |
front 336 Breakdown of red blood cells | back 336 Hemolysis |
front 337 Yellow, lipid-soluble byproduct of hemoglobin; elevated levels result in jaundice | back 337 Bilirubin |
front 338 Heterozygous for a mutation of the sickle beta globin gene; carrier of the autosomal recessive trait | back 338 Sickle cell trait |
front 339 Enzyme important in catalyzing oxidation-reduction mitochondrial reactions in cellular respiration | back 339 Cytochrome oxidase |
front 340 Cystic structure containing serous fluid | back 340 Hygroma |
front 341 Fully differentiated body part with specialized functions | back 341 Organs |
front 342 Groups of similar cell types that combine to form a specific function; the four major tissue types in the body include epithelium (skin), connective tissue (including blood, bone, and cartilage), muscle and nerve | back 342 Tissues |
front 343 Smallest component of the living individual | back 343 Cells |
front 344 An organized structure composed of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins arranged in a bilayer; protects the cell by creating a barrier against the potentially hostile environment surrounding it | back 344 Plasma membrane |
front 345 Two interconnected layers of the plasma membrane; the lipid (fat-soluble) layer contains phospholipid and glycolipid | back 345 Bilayer |
front 346 An organized structure of two interconnected layers composed of nonpolar hydrophobic lipids tails connected to polar hydrophilic heads | back 346 Lipid bilayers |
front 347 Phosphate bound to lipid heads of the plasma membrane | back 347 Phospholipids |
front 348 Carrying a distribution of electrons that repels water; possessing affinity to water | back 348 Polar (hydrophilic) |
front 349 Compound lacking positive or negative charge; lacking affinity to water | back 349 Nonpolar (hydrophobic) |
front 350 Sugar bound to lipid heads of the plasma membrane | back 350 Glycolipids |
front 351 Protein extending through the plasma membrane, contacting both the intracellular and extracellular components | back 351 Transmembrane proteins |
front 352 Form of transmembrane protein; forms a channel in the plasma membrane for transport of ions | back 352 Integral proteins |
front 353 Colloid substance surrounding the cell nucleus composed of water, proteins, fats, electrolytes, glycogen, and pigments | back 353 Cytoplasm |
front 354 Structures within a cell that perform a distinct function | back 354 Organelles |
front 355 Cellular organelle composed of a complex network of tubules; important in the production of proteins and fats and ion regulation; subtypes include rough and smooth | back 355 Endoplasmic reticulum |
front 356 Cellular organelle with a membranous structure; prepares substances by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell | back 356 Golgi apparatus |
front 357 Cellular organelle composed of small sacs surround by membrane; responsible for hydrolytic digestion of cellular debris | back 357 Lysosome |
front 358 Cellular organelle made up of small membrane-enclosed sacs; promote cell survival by oxidation of oxygen free radicals | back 358 Peroxisomes |
front 359 An oxygen atom carrying an unpaired electron and no charge | back 359 Oxygen free radicals |
front 360 Large cellular organelle that recognizes abnormally folded or formed proteins; involved in proteolysis | back 360 Proteosomes |
front 361 The process of cutting or splicing proteins into their smaller peptide units | back 361 Proteolysis |
front 362 Cellular organelle containing enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation; principal producer of the cellular energy source adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | back 362 Mitochondria |
front 363 Principal source of cellular energy; product of a chemical reaction between oxygen and nutrient products such as glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and enzymes | back 363 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
front 364 Rounded mass of protoplasm within the cytoplasm of a cell; surrounded by a nuclear envelope enclosing structures responsible for mitosis during cell division | back 364 Nucleus |
front 365 Tubule and filament structures, contributing to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport; composed of microtubules and thin, intermediate, and thick microfilaments | back 365 Cytoskeleton |
front 366 Movement of particles from an area of high to lower concentration | back 366 Diffusion |
front 367 Membrane passage between the extracellular and intracellular environment | back 367 Membrane pore |
front 368 Movement of water across a concentration gradient; water movement to an area of higher concentration of particles (less water content) from an area of lower concentration of particles (more water content); regulated by the concentration of particles that do not diffuse across the semipermeable membrane | back 368 Osmosis |
front 369 Force generated as water moves through the membrane by osmosis | back 369 Osmotic pressure |
front 370 Assisted movement of substances across the cell membrane; not energy dependent | back 370 Facilitated diffusion |
front 371 Difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell | back 371 Membrane potential |
front 372 Energy-dependent transport of particles across the cell membrane against a gradient | back 372 Active transport |
front 373 Active transport process requiring the direct use of energy in the form of ATP | back 373 Primary active transport |
front 374 Active transport mechanism involving movement of a second substance; dependent on energy derived from the active transport of the primary substance | back 374 Secondary active transport |
front 375 Substances transported together in the same direction | back 375 Cotransport or symport |
front 376 Substances transported in the opposite direction | back 376 Countertransport or antiport |
front 377 Particle entry into the cytoplasm through incorporation into a vesicle via a portion of the cell membrane | back 377 Ingest |
front 378 Transport mechanism involving vesicular enclosure of particles from the extracellular environment into the cytoplasm for use by the cell | back 378 Endocytosis |
front 379 ATP -requiring process of ingesting very small vesicles | back 379 Pinocytosis |
front 380 Ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components | back 380 Phagocytosis |
front 381 The process of the release of metabolic products from cells | back 381 Secreted |
front 382 The process of movement of granules or particles out of the cell; fusion of the membrane surrounding the granule with the cell membrane, followed by rupture and release of contents | back 382 Exocytosis |
front 383 The process of oxygen use as a source of energy for production of ATP and release of metabolic products from cells | back 383 Respiration |
front 384 Regulatory mechanism; response of input to a system by generation of output in a given system | back 384 Feedback mechanisms |
front 385 A cytoplasmic or cell surface protein molecule structured to bind specific factors | back 385 Receptor |
front 386 Molecules that bind to specific receptors; involved in signal transduction | back 386 Ligands |
front 387 Mechanism of cellular communication; initiated by binding of ligand to receptor and resulting in an action through subsequent communication events | back 387 Signal transduction pathway |
front 388 Tightness or strength of ligand/receptor interaction | back 388 Binding affinity |
front 389 Substances involved in cellular responses in the immediate area | back 389 Local mediators |
front 390 Chemical substances, formed in a tissue or organ and carried in the blood, that stimulated or inhibit the growth or function of other tissues or organs | back 390 Hormones |
front 391 The rapid generation of new daughter cells divided from progenitor (parent) cells | back 391 Proliferation |
front 392 A process of changing the physical and functional properties of a cell to allow greater specificity and functionality to that cell | back 392 Differentiation |
front 393 Alteration in function that allows cells, tissues, and organs to adjust to new conditions; survival due to the capacity to adjust to an adverse environment | back 393 Adaptation |
front 394 Cessation of life; cessation of the integration of cellular, tissue, and organ functions | back 394 Death |
front 395 Decrease in the size of the cell | back 395 Atrophy |
front 396 Local response to decrease in blood supply | back 396 Ischemia |
front 397 Decrease in the size of tissues and organs | back 397 Involution |
front 398 Condition that results from disuse because of impaired neural innervation to muscle tissue | back 398 Spinal muscular atrophy |
front 399 Increase in cell size | back 399 Hypertrophy |
front 400 Related to growth | back 400 Trophic |
front 401 Enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back of the nasal area | back 401 Adenoid hypertrophy |
front 402 Increase in the number of cells | back 402 Hyperplasia |
front 403 Permanent cessation of menses for a 12 month period | back 403 Menopause |
front 404 Changing of one cell type to another | back 404 Metaplasia |
front 405 Actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure | back 405 Dysplasia |
front 406 Change in genes or sequence of base pairs that make up the chromosomes; genetic alteration perpetuated in subsequent cellular divisions | back 406 Mutations |
front 407 Condition in which cellular alterations lead to chronic, irreversible tissue changes in the respiratory tree of the lungs | back 407 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) |
front 408 Potential source of cellular damage by exposure to reactive oxygen species | back 408 Oxidative stress |
front 409 Programmed cell death that is prompted by a genetic signal and designed to replace old cells with new; also known as "cellular suicide" | back 409 Apoptosis |
front 410 Fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue | back 410 Syndactyly |
front 411 Disorderly process of cell death associated with inflammation | back 411 Necrosis |
front 412 Cellular damage from mechanical, thermal, or chemical sources | back 412 Physical injury |
front 413 Damage caused by impact of a body part | back 413 Mechanical injury |
front 414 Damage caused by extremes of temperature | back 414 Thermal injury |
front 415 From within the body system | back 415 Endogenous |
front 416 From the external environment | back 416 Exogenous |
front 417 Damage caused by deprivation of oxygenation, hydration, and nutrition | back 417 Deficit injury |
front 418 Toxic oxygen molecules or radicals that are formed by the reaction between oxygen and water during mitochondrial respiration | back 418 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
front 419 Damage to cells resulting from reactive oxygen species | back 419 Free radical injury |
front 420 Decrease in neuronal cell size and number leading to impaired neuronal communication and reduced brain tissue mass | back 420 Cerebral atrophy |
front 421 A disease of cardiac muscle that results from excessive workload and functional demand | back 421 Cardiac hypertrophy |
front 422 The expected distensibility, or expandability, of the lung tissue and chest wall | back 422 Compliance |
front 423 Loss of consciousness; fainting | back 423 Syncope |
front 424 Condition of hyperplasia prompted by hormone stimulation of excessive growth after closure of the epiphyseal growth plates of the long bones | back 424 Acromegaly |
front 425 Long bone ossification site | back 425 Epiphyseal |
front 426 Hormone secreted by the liver; promotes growth in bones, cartilage, soft tissues, and organs | back 426 Insulin-like growth factor 1 |
front 427 Benign tumor of glandular epithelial origin | back 427 Adenoma |
front 428 Condition of hyperplasia characterized by excessive growth; growth hormone excess before the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates of the long bones | back 428 Gigantism |
front 429 Epithelium consisting of a single flattened layer of cells | back 429 Squamous epithelium |
front 430 Single layer of epithelial cells taller than they are wide | back 430 Columnar epithelium |
front 431 Area between the external and internal cervical os; lined with columnar epithelium | back 431 Endocervical canal |
front 432 Area of the merger of squamous and columnar epithelium; also known as the transformation zone of the cervix | back 432 Squamocolumnar junction |
front 433 Area of the merger of the squamous and columnar epithelium; also known as the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix | back 433 Transformation zone |
front 434 Outside of the cervix lined with squamous epithelium | back 434 Ectocervix |
front 435 Nuclear genetic material made of DNA; condenses into chromosomes during mitosis | back 435 Chromatin |
front 436 Invasive and destructive cellular growth, as in cancer | back 436 Malignancy |
front 437 DNA virus; specific viral strains cause cutaneous and genital warts and severe cervical intraepithelial lesions | back 437 Human papilloma virus (HPV) |
front 438 Cancer causing | back 438 Oncogenic |
front 439 Active exposure to smoke | back 439 Mainstream smoke |
front 440 Passive or secondhand smoke | back 440 Sidestream smoke |
front 441 The rapid generation of new daughter cells divided from progenitor (parent) cells | back 441 Proliferation |
front 442 A process of changing the physical and functional properties of a cell to allow greater specificity and functionality to that cell | back 442 Differentiation |
front 443 Highly undifferentiated units that have the potential to divide into daughter stem cells, which can then mature into more differentiated units with a specific function | back 443 Stem cells |
front 444 A term used to describe the origin, promotion, or development of cancerous neoplasms | back 444 Carcinogenesis |
front 445 A term used to describe highly invasive and destructive neoplasms | back 445 Cancer |
front 446 The process of starting with a single mutated cell and developing into cancer | back 446 Monoclonal origin |
front 447 Genes that repair mutated DNA and protect the genome | back 447 Mutator genes |
front 448 Genes that code for proteins involved in cell growth or regulation | back 448 Oncogenes |
front 449 Genes that prohibit overproliferation of cells and regulate apoptosis | back 449 Tumor suppressor genes |
front 450 "Normal" genes in the body with a vital role in regulating cell function; precursors to the development of oncogenes | back 450 Protooncogenes |
front 451 A known cancer-causing agent | back 451 Carcinogen |
front 452 A situation that causes a mutation in a cell | back 452 Initiating event |
front 453 An expansion of a mutated cell's growth and reproduction; the continued growth of the cell depends on continued exposure to the promotor | back 453 Promoting event |
front 454 An extension of the promotion phase with one exception: now the cancerous growth no longer depends on continued exposure to the promotor | back 454 Progression |
front 455 The unregulated cell growth of neoplasms | back 455 Autonomy |
front 456 A neoplasm's loss of differentiation | back 456 Anaplasia |
front 457 Refers to hormone secretion from a site outside of an endocrine gland | back 457 Ectopic |
front 458 Describes a tumor that remains localized and closely resembles the tissue of origin | back 458 Benign |
front 459 Describes tumors that are invasive, destructive, spread to other sites, and do not resemble the tissue of origin | back 459 Malignant |
front 460 The proliferation of the neoplasm within the tissue of origin | back 460 Local spread |
front 461 A process of tumor cells moving into adjacent tissues and organs | back 461 Direct extension |
front 462 A form of direct extension where neoplastic proliferation occurs within peritoneal and pleural cavities surrounding the affected tissue or organ | back 462 Seeding |
front 463 Process that occurs when neoplasms are spread to distant sites often by way of the lymphatics or blood vessels | back 463 Metastases |
front 464 A benign tumor of the squamous epithelium | back 464 Epithelioma |
front 465 An epithelioma that presents as fingerlike projections | back 465 Papilloma |
front 466 Benign tumor of glandular epithelial origin | back 466 Adenomas |
front 467 Benign tumors that arise from germ cells | back 467 Teratomas |
front 468 Tumor that arises from bone cells | back 468 Osteomas |
front 469 Benign tumor that stems from chondrocytes | back 469 Chondromas |
front 470 A malignant tumor of epithelial cells | back 470 Adenocarcinoma |
front 471 A malignant tumor of chondrocytes | back 471 Chondrosarcoma |
front 472 A unique term used to describe carcinomas that are confined to the epithelium and have not yet penetrated the basement membrane | back 472 Carcinoma in situ |
front 473 A process of classifying the extent or spread of the disease from the site of origin | back 473 Staging |
front 474 A process of differentiating the level of anaplasia depicted by the tumor | back 474 Grading |
front 475 A syndrome of unexplained weight loss and tissue wasting related to the stimulation of inflammatory mediators, along with excess energy use, by the proliferating neoplastic cells | back 475 Cachexia |
front 476 Substances that may be detected in cells or body fluids and can provide clues to the presence, extent, and treatment response of certain neoplasms | back 476 Tumor markers |
front 477 Used to describe treating symptoms, such as pain, without curing the cancer | back 477 Palliative care |
front 478 Mucosal epithelial depressions of the colon | back 478 Crypts |
front 479 Hidden blood in the stool that is not visible | back 479 Occult |
front 480 Visible blood in the stool | back 480 Frank |
front 481 A procedure using an endoscope to perform direct visualization of the colon | back 481 Colonoscopy |
front 482 Any immature cell | back 482 Blast cells |
front 483 Episodes of nose bleeds | back 483 Epistaxis |
front 484 Found in approximately 95% of those with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and represents a chromosome 9 and 22 translocation, which activates oncogenes | back 484 Philadelphia chromosome |
front 485 A malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissue often characterized by the painless, progressive enlargement of cervical (neck) lymph nodes | back 485 Hodgkin lymphoma |
front 486 Originates in the cell components of lymph nodes following a B lymphocyte lineage; is the neoplastic cell that is diagnostic for Hodgkin lymphoma | back 486 Reed-Sternberg cell |
front 487 A generic classification made up of a broad range of B-cell and T-cell malignancies within the immune system | back 487 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |